• 대한수학회논문집
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.105-115
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• 2003

It is well known that there exists a regular branched covering map from T$^2$ onto $\={C}$ iff the ramification indices are (2,2,2,2), (2,4,4), (2,3,6) and (3,3,3). In this paper we construct (count-ably many) chaotic homeomorphisms induced by hyperbolic toral automorphism and regular branched covering map corresponding to the ramification indices (2,2,2,2). And we also gave an example which shows that the above construction of a chaotic map is not true in general if the ramification indices is (2,4,4) and also show that there are no chaotic homeomorphisms induced by hyperbolic toral automorphism and regular branched covering map corresponding to the ramification indices (2,3,6) and (3,3,3).

• Investigative Magnetic Resonance Imaging
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.67-72
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• 1998

자기공명 영상의 의학적 이용에서 T2이완시간의 화소별 영상화(T2 이완 영상)는 병변의 정량적 진단도구로서 제안된 바 있다. NMR의 물리/화학적 이용에서 T2 이완시간의 측정으로서 CPMG(Carr-Pucell-Meiboom-Gill) 펄스열이 가장 효과적으로 인정되고, 쓰이고 있으나, 선형자계를 가하는 MR 영상화 장비에서는 측정된 다른 TE의 영상들을 이용한 T2 이완시간의 영상화 자체에 대한 복잡한 계산을 영상기기에서 수행에 문제가 있고, 일반적으로 최대 4개의 CPMG 에코를 영상화하는 펄스열이 제공되어 있다. 좀더 정확한 T2 이완영상화를 위하여 적어도 8개의 다른 반향시간 TE를 가진 영상들을 필용로 하므로, MR 영상화 장비사에서 제공된 펄스열을 이용하면, 적어도 두번 이상의 영상화를 하여야한다. 이는 TR을 2500msec로 할 때 적어도 15분 정도의 시간이 걸리며, 이 동안 환자의 약간의 움직임, 특히 각 4개 단위의 영상화 사이에 움직임에 의한 임의적 잡음이 계산될 T2 영상에 큰 영향을 미친다. 이 연구에서는 시뮬레이션에 의하여 1, 5, 10% 의 이론적인 임의 잡음을 포함한 영상들을 이용하여 잡음이 T2 영상의 작성에 미치는 영향을 연구하였다. 그리고 4개 에코 펄스열을 이용하여 세 번의 영상화로 12개의 영상을 얻고, 이들로부터 4개, 8개의 다른 TE를 가진 영상들을 선택하여 T2 영상을 계산하였다. 그리고 이 연구에서 개발된 8에코 CPMG펄스열로 한 번에 얻은 8개의 영상을 이용한 T2 이완 영상과 결과를 비교하였다. 잡음이 클수록 실제치보다 T2가 길었고, 8-에코 펄스열은 영상화하는 동안에 환자의 움직임을 줄여서 더 정확한 T2 이완 영상을 만들수 있었다.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제52권6호
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• pp.513-519
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• 2010

A series of experiments were performed to study the influence of the following parameters on the physical traits and composition of swine manure compost: (1) addition of magnesium (Mg) at a molar ratio of 1.2 with respect to $PO_4$, and (2) reutilization of compost containing $MgNH_4PO_4{\cdot}6H_2O$ (magnesium ammonium phosphate, MAP). Three independent batch tests were conducted for replication: batch test I-control (C) and Mg added (T), batch test II-C, T and compost recycle ($T_{R1}$), and batch test III-C, T and compost recycle ($T_{R2}$). Magnesium addition and compost reutilization had no adverse effect on the degradation of organic matter. Reuse of the compost, however, had a clear effect on the total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) contents in the final compost. Repeated compost reutilization as a bulking material was resulted in composts rich in N and P. Upon adding the Mg supplement to the composting materials, the ortho-phosphate (OP) to TP ratio decreased due to the MAP crystallization reaction. The decrease in the OP/TP ratio and the increase in the TP content of the compost indicate that water-soluble phosphate is converted into a slow-release phosphate by the formation of crystals during composting. X-ray diffraction analysis of the irregular shaped crystals in the compost indicated that they are MAP crystals and that the crystallization of MAP begins immediately after the addition of the Mg supplement. The Mg addition to composting materials and the reutilization of compost as a bulking material would be a practical means to conserve nutrient content.

• Animal cells and systems
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.79-83
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• 2006

Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) is used to lyse clots and reperfuse brain in ischemic stroke. However, sideeffects of intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) and edema limit their clinical application. In part, these phenomena has been linked with elevations in matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) in neurovascular unit. However little is known about their regulatory signaling pathways in brain cells. Here, I examine the role of MAP kinase pathways in tPA-induced MMP-9 regulation in rat cortical astrocytes. tPA $(1-10\;{\mu}g/ml)$ induced dose-dependent elevations in MMP-9 and MMP-2 in conditioned media. Although tPA increased phosphorylation in two MAP kinases (ERK, JNK), only inhibition of the JNK pathway by the JNK inhibitor SP600126 significantly reduced MMP-9 upregulation. Neither ERK inhibition with U0126 nor p38 inhibition with SB203580 had any significant effects. Taken together, these results suggest that c-jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) plays an essential role for tPA-induced MMP-9 upregulation.

• 자연과학논문집
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• 제7권
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• pp.5-9
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• 1995

되돌이 본뜨기를 이용하여 Lorenz 식에서 생기는 혼돈을 제어하였다. 그 결과 조그만 섭동에 의해 Lorenz 식에서의 혼돈은 OGY 혼돈제어법에서 할 수 있는 것과 동일한 불안정 주기 1T, 2T, 3T로 각각 제어되었고 이때의 위상도 안정화 되었다.

• 한국환경복원기술학회지
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.13-26
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• 2018

This study estimated the carbon sequestration from urban green spaces in Ansan City using environmental spatial information. We examined study results of carbon sequestration from existing urban green spaces, using a land cover map (level 3). In particular, the carbon sequestration of trees by land use and the IPCC Global default value were linked with the land cover map level 3. Domestic research showed that carbon storage in urban green spaces in Ansan City was 17,927.2 tC, and the annual carbon sequestration was calculated as 2,680.5 tC/yr. On the other hand, applying the IPCC Global Default value resulted in annual carbon sequestration of 5,287.8 tC/yr, which was 2,607.3 tC/yr more that the domestic research value. This resulted from difference in detailed methodologies such as background data, sample size for on-site investigation, and measurement of tree species. The study presented a consistent assessment method to assess the sequestration of carbon from municipal urban green spaces. Furthermore, we provided basic data that could be useful in urban green space policies.

• 천문학회보
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• 제43권2호
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• pp.40.2-40.2
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• 2018

NGC 5024 and NGC 5053 are among the most metal-poor globular clusters in the Milky Way. Both globular clusters are considered to be accreted from dwarf galaxies (like Sagittarius dwarf galaxy or Magellanic clouds), and common stellar envelope and tidal tails between globular clusters are also detected. We present a search for extra-tidal cluster member candidates around these globular clusters from APOGEE survey data. Using 20 chemical elements (e.g., Fe, C, Mg, Al) and radial velocities, t-distributed stochastic neighbour embedding (t-SNE), which identifies an optimal mapping of a high-dimensional space into fewer dimensions, was explored, and we find that globular cluster stars are well separated from the field stars in 2-dimensional map from t-SNE. We also find that some stars selected in t-SNE map are placed outside of the tidal radius of the clusters. The proper motion of stars outside tidal radius is also comparable to that of globular clusters, which suggest that these stars are tidally decoupled from the globular clusters. We manually measure chemical abundances for the clusters and extra-tidal stars, and discuss the association of extra-tidal stars with the clusters.

• 한국자기공명학회논문지
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.7-20
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• 1997

The mapping of the spin-spin relaxation time T2 in pixed-by-pixel was suggested as a quantitative diagnostic tool in medicine. Although the CPMG pulse sequence has been known to be the best pulse sequence for T2 measurement in physics NMR, the supplied pulse sequence by the manufacture of MRI system was able to obtain the maximum of 4 CPMG images. Eight or more images with different echo time TEs are required to construct a reliable T2 map, so that two or more acquisitions were required, which easily took more than 10 minutes. 4-echo CPMG imaging pulse sequence was modified to generate the maximum of 8 MR images with evenly spaced echo time TEs. In human MR imaging, since patients tend to move at least several pixels between the different acquisitions, 8-echo CPMG imaging sequence reduces the acquisition time and may remove any misregistration of each pixel's signal for the fitting T2. The resultant T2 maps using the theoretically simulated images and using the MR images of the human brain suggested that 8 echo CPMG sequence with short echo spacing such as 17∼20 msec can give the reliable T2 map.

• 정보처리학회논문지D
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• 제8D권4호
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• pp.367-376
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• 2001

이동 매제를 통한 진자지도 서비스는 전송 정보의 용량이 크고 출력 장치의 자원을 많이 요구하기 때문에 기존의 지도 데이터베이스를 그대로 사용하여 서비스할 수 없는 문제점이 있다. 또한 무선 서비스 전용 지도 데이터베이스를 별도로 구축하는 것은 막대한 중복 비용이 발생하므로 받아들이기 어렵다. 본 논문에서는 기존의 지도 데이타베이스로부터 무선 서비스에 적합한 지도를 동적으로 생성하는 새로운 기법을 제시한다. 이 기법은 기존 지도의 데이타 크기를 줄이기 위한 generalization과 생성된 지도의 데이타 크기가 임계값을 넘지 않도록 제어하는 filtering을 수행한다. Generalization은 레이어를 통합하는 단계, 세부 객체를 간소화하는 단계, 그리고 사용자 인터페이스를 처리하는 단계로 나누어 처리된다. Filtering은 약도에 포함된 객체를 카운터하는 모듈과 검색 객체와 거리에 따른 중요도로 선택하는 모듈로 데이터 크기를 대역폭 임계값 이내로 처리한다.

• BMB Reports
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• 제47권12호
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• pp.685-690
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• 2014

The Ras/Raf/MEK/Erk signaling pathway is important for regulation of cell growth, proliferation, differentiation, survival, and apoptosis in response to a variety of extracellular stimuli. Lack of Erk MAPK activation is observed in several cancer cells despite active activation of Ras. However, little is known about the modulation of Erk1/2 activity by active Ras. Here, we show that overexpression of active H-Ras (H-RasG12R) in NIH3T3 fibroblasts impaired FGF2-induced Erk1/2 phosphorylation, as compared to wild-type cells. Northern blot analysis revealed that prolonged expression of active Ras increased MAP kinase phosphatase 3 (MKP3) mRNA expression, a negative regulator of Erk MAPK. Inhibition of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt pathway abrogated active Ras-induced up-regulation of MKP3 expression, leading to the rescue of Erk1/2 phosphorylation. Our results demonstrated that the Ras/Raf/MEK/Erk signaling cascade is negatively regulated by the PI3K/Aktdependent transcriptional activation of the MKP3 gene.