• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.239-244
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• 2001

To examine the effects of feed additives on the expression of Perpheral blood cell surface molecules, phagocytosis and antigen specific antibody formation, broilers were randomly assigned to T$_1$, T$_2$, T$_3$, and T$_4$ groups. T$_1$ group was fed diet without any additives for 13 weeks, T$_2$ was fed diet with full fat flax, T$_3$ was fed diet with full fat flax containing $\alpha$-tocopherol, and T$_4$ was fed diet with full-fat flax containing $\alpha$-tocopherol and selenium. Since 5 weeks feeding the data were examined by luminometer. After 2 weeks adminstration of different feeding, although all treated groups (T$_2$, T$_3$, and T$_4$,) showed slightly increased chemiluminescence (CL) responses than T$_1$, this result was not significant. After 4 weeks feeding there was no significant increase of CL in the Phagocytes like neutrophils and macrophages of T$_2$ group compared to T$_1$. But phagocytes from T$_3$ and T$_4$ group showed in creased $O_2$- (6%, 18% respectively) as well as $H_2O$$_2$ (9.5% and 10.9%, respectively) induced CL responses. After 8 weeks feeding there was more than 50% increase $O_2$- induced CL in T$_3$ and T$_4$ group, but $H_2O$$_2$ induced CL responses in T$_3$ and T$_4$ group was slightly increased (6.6% and 9.3%, respectively).

• Korean Journal of Cognitive Science
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.275-301
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• 2016

Attentional blink (AB) refers to the phenomena where conscious report for a target (T2) subsequent to the first target (T1) in a stream of items under rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP) becomes difficult if the T2 follows no later than 500ms after the T1. The present study examined the effect of T1 visibility on T2 AB strength according to the bottleneck account proposing that the amount of allocated resources for T1 memory consolidation determines the strength of AB against T2. In the low-visibility condition, the T1 had a gray color for a low stimulus contrast against the black background whereas had a bright and saturated color in the high-visibility condition. In both visibility conditions, the T1 was also highly distinct from the remaining distractors. A multi-RSVP method was also used for increasing location uncertainty of the targets supposedly consuming on average attentional resources for the targets. Two experiments revealed that AB strength was more intense in the low-visibility than high-visibility condition, and the pattern of difference went more pronounced if T2 visibility was improved. The results indicate that T1 visibility can affect more strongly when attentional resources are relatively lacking for resolving the T1 bottleneck, and support for the bottleneck account proposing that the level of T1's visibility can determine the intensity of the T1 bottleneck.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.234-241
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• 2021

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of a different growing stage on the eating and ruminating behavior of Holstein steer (Bos taurus). A total of nine Holstein steers were divided into three growing stage groups (T1: growth stage, 8 months old, T2: Early fattening stage, 15 months old, T3: late fattening stage, 24 months old) with 3 replicates. In the feeding method, concentrate was offered at 1.62% of the body weight per treatment, respectively. And the forage was fed ad libitum for all treatment. The results of behaviors are summarized as follows: The rate of dry matter intake compared to body weight (DMI/BW, %) was high in the order of T1(2.21%) > T2(2.09%) > T3(1.39%). Eating time, ruminating time and resting time were significantly higher in T1, T2 and T3, respectively(p<0.05, 0.01). Chewing time was significantly lower in T3 than in T1 and T2(p<0.01). The number of bolus and the number of total chews were significantly higher in T2 than those of the other treatments(p<0.01). However ruminating time per bolus and the number of bolus per minute were not significantly different among the treatments. The numbers of drinking and defecating were not significantly different among the treatments. The number of urinating was significantly higher T1 than those of the other treatments(p<0.01). Time of drinking, defecating and urinating was not significantly difference among the treatments.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.585-589
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• 1994

The effects of T-2 toxin on mitogen-induced blastogenesis of chick splenic cells were investigated. The [$^3H$] thymidine incorporation in splenic cells stimulated by lipopolysaccharide and concanavalin A were equally inhibited as the concentration of T-2 toxin was increased. The effective dose of T-2 toxin causing a 50% reduction of [$^3H$] thymidine incorporation was inbetween 1.0 and 5.0 ng/ml for both mitogens. Mitogen-induced blastogenesis in chick splenic cells showed differences among experimental groups with different exposure time of T-2 toxin, exhibiting the most inhibition in the experimental group exposed to T-2 toxin at both embryonic and chick periods.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.185-192
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• 1996

Bacteriophage T7 gene 2.5 protein, a single-stranded DNA binding protein, is required for T7 DNA replication, recombination, and repair. T7 gene 2.5 protein has two distinctive domains, DNA binding and C-terminal domain, directly involved in protein-protein interaction. Gene 2.5 protein participates in the DNA replication of Bacteriophage T7, which makes this protein essential for the T7 growth and DNA replication. What gene 2.5 protein makes important at T7 growth and DNA replication is its binding affinity to single-stranded DNA and the protein-protein important at T7 DNA replication proteins which are essential for the T7 DNA synthesis. We have constructed pGST2.5(WT) encoding the wild-type gene 2.5 protein and pGST2.5$\Delta $21C lacking C-terminal 21 amino acid residues. The purified GST-fusion proteins, GST2.5(WT) and GST2.5(WT)$\Delta$21C, were used for whether the carboxyl-terminal domain participates in the protein-protein interactions or not. GST2.5(WT) and GST2.5$\Delta$21C showed the difference in the protein-protein interaction. GST2.5(WT) interacted with T7 DNA polymerase and gene 4 protein, but GST2.5$\Delta$21C did not interact with either protein. Secondly, GST2.5(WT) interacts with gene 4 proteins (helicase/primase) but not GST2.5$\Delta$21C. these results proved the involvement of the carboxyl-terminal domain of gene 2.5 protein in the protein-protein interaction. We clearly conclude that carboxy-terminal domain of gene 2.5 protein is firmly involved in protein-protein interactions in T7 replication proteins.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.91-96
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• 1983

Present study was carried out to find out an optimum interval for artificial insemination in aged and poor laying hens, Brown colored, hundred and twenty commercial laying hens at about 530 days old and 20 S. C. W. Leghorn males at 580 days old were adopted Egg production rate during the experiment was 61.6% and number of eggs examined was 2,283. The intervals for the insemination were 2, 4 and 6 days for experimental groups T-1, T-2 and T-3, respectively. Eggs were collected on every 6th day and examined for fertility by candling after 5 days of incubation. Average fertility rates for T-1, T-2 and T-3 groups appeared 87.5, 81.1, and 65.1%, respectively. The fertility of T-3 group was significantly lower than those of T-1 and T-2 groups(P＜0.05). The highest fertility rate was obtained on the second day after the insemination for all groups, i. e. 90.7, 84.0 and 71.7% for T-1, T-2 and T-3, respectively. Thereafter, a tendency of gradual decline in fertility was observed. This study suggests that the optimum interval for artificial insemination in aged hens is 2 days. The fertility tended to be improved by repeated injection. For the 2-day interval group, the highest rate (98.2%) was obtained on the 6th insemination.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.273-283
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• 2011

The objective of this study was to determine the feeding effect of a diet containing Cordyceps with fly pupa on the changes in blood lipid profile from broiler chickens, fatty acids and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) in chicken meat. A total of 360 chicks (Ross strain 308) were divided on hatch day into four treated groups with respect to a 35-day feeding regimen: T1 (control group), T2 (2.0% Cordyceps with fly pupa), T3 (3.5% Corceps with fly pupa) and T3 (5.0% Cordyceps with fly pupa). Blood triacylglyceride and total cholesterol level was significantly decreased by 5.32-10.63% and 9.23-12.62%, respectively, in groups T2, T3 and T4 when compared to T1 (p<0.05). Water holding capacity was significantly highest in T2 (p<0.05), while there were no significant differences among groups T2, T3 and T. In chicken meat, the ratio of saturated fatty acid to unsaturated fatty acid was high in the T3 and T4 groups, the ratio of n-6 to n-3 fatty acid was low in the T2, T3 and T4 groups and oleic acid (18:1n-9) was high in the T2, T3 and T4 groups, when compared to T1 (p<0.05). TBARS tended to increase according to the storage time (in days), and was significantly lower in the chicken thigh muscles with skin in groups T2, T3 and T4 as compared to T1 (p<0.05). These results suggest that a diet containing 2.0-3.5% of Cordyceps with fly pupa may decrease blood lipid and improve both the shelf-life and quality of broiler chicken meat.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.47 no.5
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• pp.745-758
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• 2005

Two hundred fifty eight Hanwoo steers were used in a completely randomized design experiment to determine the effects of ad libitum or restricted feeding of concentrates on body weight(BW) gain, feed intake, blood metabolites and hematological parameters. Steers were assigned at 6 months of age to feeding groups of ad libitum(T1) or restricted(T2) by 18 months of age. Steers in both groups were fed ad libitum from 19 months of age. The restrictive feeding levels were 1.2-1.5% of BW for the growing period and 1.7-1.8% of BW for the early fattening period. Average daily gains were significantly higher in T1 than in T2 from 10 to 14 months of age, but were significantly higher in T2 than in T1 from 20 to 24 months of age(p<0.05). Total dry matter intake(DMI) was higher in T1 than in T2 at 10, 12 and 16 months of age(p<0.05). Total DMI of T2 was higher than that of T1 at 22 months of age(p<0.05). Feed conversions were significantly lower in T2 than in T1 from 20 to 30 months of age(p<0.05). Blood albumin concentrations were significantly higher in T2 than in T1 at 12, 14, 16 and 18 months of age. Blood triglyceride concentrations were significantly higher in T1 than in T2 at 14 and 16 months of age(p<0.05). Blood inorganic phosphorus concentrations were significantly higher in T2 compared with T1 at 8, 10, 16 and 22 months of age(p<0.05). Mean corpuscular volume and mean corpuscular hemoglobin were significantly lower in T2 than in T1 from 8 to 12 months of age(p<0.05), but those were significantly higher in T2 than T1 from 10 months to 12 months of age(p<0.05). Present results may indicate that the restricted feeding for the growing period does not show adverse effects on body weight gain with better feed conversion for the following late fattening period.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.41 no.6
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• pp.616-623
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• 1994

Objectives: Careful evaluation about mediastinal involvement is important in the management of patients with non-small cell lung cancer. Invasive staging procedure such as mediastinoscopy is advocated because of the unreliability of noninvasive staging methods such as CT, MRI. We compared differences between pre- and postoperative staging in non-small cell lung cancer without lymphadenopathy on CT scan and investigated the methods for more accurate preoperative staging. Methods & Results: 1) Records of a total of 41 patients with preoperative $T_{1-3}N_0M_0$ non-small cell lung cancer were reviewed and the histologic types of tumors were squamous cell carcinoma in 32 cases, adenocarcinoma in 6 cases and large cell carcinoma in 3 cases. Twenty-four cases were central lesions and seventeen cases were peripheral lesions. 2) Among the 32 cases with preoperative $T_2$, 2 cases were identified postoperatively as $T_3$ with invasion of chest wall and among 6 cases with preoperative $T_3$, 1 case was identified postoperatively as $T_4$ with invasion of aorta and pulmonary arteries. 3) After the operation of 35 cases with $T_{1-2}$, 5 cases were $N_1$ and 3 cases were $N_2$ postoperatively. After the operation of 6 cases with $T_3$, 2 cases were $N_1$ and 3 cases were $N_2$ postoperatively. Preoperative $T_3$ showed more intrathoracic lymph node metastases and higher $N_2/N_1$ involvement ratio than preoperative $T_{1-2}$. 4) Complete surgical resections were done in 34 out of 41 cases. Incomplete resection were done in all postoperative $N_2$ tumors. Conclusion: Invasive staging procedures such as mediastinoscopy should be considered in the case of preoperative $T_3$ non-small cell lung cancer even though mediastinal lymphadenopathy is not recognized on the CT scan of the chest.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.93-104
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• 1996

A field experiment was conducted in Chungju and Jungwon to evaluate growth characteristics, dry matter yield, protein yield and palatability of intercropping comparing with monocropping forage crops by the use of sorghum $\times$ sudangrass hybrid(S.S.H.), five forage soybeans and two forage cowpeas of superior to selected experiment of varieties. All eight treatment plots were replicated three times and cutting date were cut July 6 and September 9. 1. The mean leaf number of S.S.H. in intercropping T2 treatment showed high compared to T1 treatment in all treatment except for Hwangkeum treatment, but T3 treatment was lower than the other treatments. In the leaf number of soybean, Jangbaek treatment was the highest as 47 leaves per plant, cowpea treatments showed high above 50 leaves. The stem diameter of S.S.H. in Jangyeob treatment of T2 treatment was 9.6mm. In legume, cowpea of T3 treatment was high as ranged from 7.9mm to 8.2mm. In stem hardiness of S.S.H., TI treatment was the lower than the other treatments, while Jangbaek treatment of T2 treatment was the highest as $2.0kg/cm^2$. In legume crops, Jangbaek and Baekun treatment were the highest as $1.6kg/cm^2$, but T3 treatment was very low as $0.3~0.6kg/cm^2$. 2. In the mean leaf ratio of S.S.H., T1 treatment was higher than T2 and T3 treatment as 34.9%. In the legume crops, Togyu treatment was the highest as 40.9%. In the mean tiller number of S.S.H., T2 treatment showed high compared to TI treatment, but T3 treatment of was rather decrease than The tiller number of S.S.H. in Jangyeob treatment of T2 treatment was the highest as 4.6 per plant. The dead stubble of S.S.H. was high in order to T3>T1>T2 treatment>, T3 treatment was highly about 2 times compared to T2 treatment. 3. S.S.H. as T3 treatment was resistant to lodging, but T3 and T1 treatment showed highly lodging. In the legums, T3 treatment was resistant to lodging, but T2 treatment showed highly lodging. In the S.S.H. of T2 treatment, the leaf of summer depression was not occurrence, but T3 treatment was higher than the other treatments. 4. The palatability of domestic animals was high in order of T2>Tl>T3, especially Togyu treatment of T2 treatment was the highest at the holstein and deer, and Jangyeob treatment of T2 treatment was the highest in the Korean native cattle. But T3 treatment was lower than other treatments in the holstein and Korean native cattle. 5. Fresh yield of monocropping(T1) was the highest as 94, 650kg/ha, while dry matter yield in Jangyeob treatment of T2 treatment was the highest as 15, 575/ha But fresh yield and dry matter yield of T3 treatment were the lowest(P<0.05). 6. Protein yield in T2 treatment was high, especially Jangyeob treatment of T2 treatment was the highest as 1, 605.5 kg/ha T3 treatment was low in spite of high protein content, because dry matter yield was lower than the other treatments. In conclusion, among T1, T2 and T3 treatment, Jangyeob, Togyu and Baekun treatments of T2 treatment showed optimum varieties for intercropping with S.S.H., because they showed high Dry matter yield, protein yield and palatability.