• Membrane Journal
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.20-30
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• 2014

A membrane-coupled sequencing batch reactor (MSBR) was used for the advanced treatment of rural village sewage which is very low C/N ratio. The effect of powdered activated carbon, aeration rate, and external organic material loadings on the treatment efficiency and filtration performance were investigated in sequencing batch reactor, in which a flat-sheet type microfiltration membrane with a pore size of $0.4{\mu}m$ was submerged. At the initial operation (within 54 days) MLSS concentration, and the removal efficiencies of COD, T-N, and T-P were increased with the increase of C/N ratio. After 89 days the removal efficiencies of COD, T-N, and T-P were 97.1%, 75.0%, and 48.3%, respectively. Suspended solid-free effluent was obtained by membrane filtration. The T-P removal was relatively low because of depending on the amount of excess sludge wasting. During the operation of MSBR with powdered activated carbon, the particle size of the sludge reduced by the increase of collision frequency and mixing intensity. In comparison with MSBR without powdered activated carbon, TMP of MSBR with that was significantly elevated.

• Korean Journal of Crystallography
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.12-16
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• 1991

C18H22N4OS, Mr=342.47, monoclinic, P2₁/c,a=11.802(2), b=31.962(2), c=9.829(2)A, β=100.12(1)˚, V=3694.8A3,F(000)=1472, Z=8, Dx=1.246 Mg m-3, Dm=1.17Mg m-3,λ=0.71073 A, μ=0.15mm-1, T=294 K. final R=0.0856 for 3718 observed reflection (Fo>3σ(Fo)) There are two molecules in an asymmetric unit and a major difference between these molecules is in the C(9)-N(1)-C(6)-C(7) torsion angles [58.8(8)˚and 1(1)˚]. Both molecules have intramolecular N(1)-H(10)'N(3) hydrogen bonds [ 2.613(7) and 2.566(7) A] and assume V-shaped conformation with N(2) atoms at the verices. The two independent molecules are linked by the two N(2)-H(11)'S' hydrogen bonds[3.367(5) A and 3.421(4)A] and the dimergen are held together by van der Waals forces.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.25 no.10
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• pp.1466-1472
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• 2012

A bacterial isolate derived from soil samples near a cattle farm was found to display extracellular phytase activity. Based on 16S rRNA sequence analysis, the strain was named Bacillus sp. T4. The optimum temperature for the phytase activity toward magnesium phytate (Mg-$InsP_6$) was $40^{\circ}C$ without 5 mM $Ca^{2+}$ and $50^{\circ}C$ with 5 mM $Ca^{2+}$. T4 phytase had a characteristic bi-hump two pH optima of 6.0 to 6.5 and 7.4 for Mg-$InsP_6$. The enzyme showed higher specificity for Mg-$InsP_6$ than sodium phytate (Na-$InsP_6$). Its activity was fairly inhibited by EDTA, $Cu^{2+}$, $Mn^{2+}$, $Co^{2+}$, $Ba^{2+}$ and $Zn^{2+}$. T4 phytase may have great potential for use as an eco-friendly feed additive to enhance the nutritive quality of phytate and reduce phosphorus pollution.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.13-30
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• 2007

In this paper we study the numerical solutions of the stochastic functional differential equations of the following form $$du(x,\;t)\;=\;f(x,\;t,\;u_t)dt\;+\;g(x,\;t,\;u_t)dB(t),\;t\;>\;0$$ with initial data $u(x,\;0)\;=\;u_0(x)\;=\;{\xi}\;{\in}\;L^p_{F_0}\;([-{\tau},0];\;R^n)$. Here $x\;{\in}\;R^n$, ($R^n$ is the ${\nu}\;-\;dimenional$ Euclidean space), $f\;:\;C([-{\tau},\;0];\;R^n)\;{\times}\;R^{{\nu}+1}\;{\rightarrow}\;R^n,\;g\;:\;C([-{\tau},\;0];\;R^n)\;{\times}\;R^{{\nu}+1}\;{\rightarrow}\;R^{n{\times}m},\;u(x,\;t)\;{\in}\;R^n$ for each $t,\;u_t\;=\;u(x,\;t\;+\;{\theta})\;:\;-{\tau}\;{\leq}\;{\theta}\;{\leq}\;0\;{\in}\;C([-{\tau},\;0];\;R^n)$, and B(t) is an m-dimensional Brownian motion.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.27 no.8
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• pp.863-866
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• 2004

The effect of substance P (Sub P) injected intrathecally (I.t.) on c-fos mRNA expression in vari-ous tissues was examined in the present study. We found that a single administration of Sub P(0.5 nM) caused an increase of the c-fos mRNA level in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal(HPA) axis, hippocampus, and spinal cord. The time-course study showed that c-fos mRNA level was maximal at 10 min and began to decrease 30 min after the Sub P injection in all tis-sues, and the Sub P-induced increase of the c-fos mRNA level was returned to the control level 1 h after the injection. The kinetics of the c-fos mRNA expression in mice that were repeatedly injected with Sub P (every 30 min interval up to 4 times) were different in the HPA axis, hippocampus, and spinal cord. The increased c-fos mRNA level in the hypothalamus and the spinal cord induced by I.t. injected Sub P remained at a high level. In the pituitary gland, adrenal gland, and hippocampus, the increased level of c-fos mRNA expression gradually returned to the control level during the repeated substance P injections up to 4 times. Our results suggest that spinally injected Sub P-induced pain stress increases c-fos mRNA expres-sion in the spinal cord, hippocampus, and HPA axis. In mice repeatedly injected with Sub P, the kinetics of c-fos mRNA appear to be different varied from tissue to tissue.

• The Journal of the Petrological Society of Korea
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.106-124
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• 1999

In the Cheongju-Minwon area which occupies the middle part of the Ogcheon Metamorphic Belt, three metamorphic events(M1, M2, M3) had occurred. Intermediate P/T type M2 regional metamorphism formed prevailing mineral assemblages in the study area. Low PIT type M3 contact metamorphism occurred due to the intrusion of granites after M2 metamorphism. M1 metamorphism is recognized by inclusions within garnet. During M2 metamorphism, the metamorphic grade increased from the biotite zone in the southeastern part to the garnet zone in the northwestern part of the study area. This result is similar to the metamorphic evolution of the southwestern part of the Ogcheon Metamorphic Belt. Garnets in the garnet zone are classified into two types; Type A garnet has inclusions whose trail is connected to the foliation in the matrix and Type B garnet has inclusion rich core and inclusion poor rim. Type A garnet formed in the mica rich part with crenulation cleavage whereas Type B garnet formed in the quartz rich part with weak crenulation cleavage. In some outcrops, two types garnets are found together. Compared to the rim of Type A garnet, the rim of Type B garnet is lower in grossular and spessartine contents but higher in almandine and pyrope contents. In some Type B garnets, the inclusion poor part is rimmed by muddy colored or protuberant new overgrowth. In the inclusion poor part and new overgrowth, a rapid increase in grossular and decrease in spessartine is observed. However, the compositional patterns of Type A and B are similar; Ca increases and Mn decreases from core to rim. Two types garnets formed mainly due to the difference of bulk chemistry instead of metamorphic and deformational differences. The metamorphic P-T conditions estimated from Type A garnets are 595-690 OC15.7-8.8 kb, which indicates M2 metamorphism is intermediate P/T type metamorphism. On the other hand, a wide range of P-T conditions is calculated from Type B garnets. The P-T conditions from most Type B garnet rims are 617-690 OC16.2-8.9 kb which also indicates an intermediate P/T type metamorphism. However, at the rim part with flat end or weak overgrowth, grossular content is low and 573-624OC14.7-5.8 kb are estimated. The P-T conditions calculated from plagioclase and biotite inclusions in garnet are 460-500 0C/1.9-3.0 kb. The P-T conditions from rim part with weak overgrowth and inclusions within garnet, indicate that low P/T type M1 regional metamorphism might have occurred before intermediate P/T type M2 regional metamorphism. The P-T conditions estimated from samples which had undergone low PIT type M3 metamorphism strongly, are 547-610 0C/2.1-5.0 kb.

• Korean Journal of Oriental Medicine
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.1-14
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• 1995

The clinical study was carried out on 1737 cases of inpatient and outpatient which have been diagnosed as C.V.A at hospital attached to 8 colleges of oriental medicine in Korea or National Medical Center from January 1st 1994 to December 31st 1994. The results were as follows; 1. In this study, the case of Occlusive C.V.D was 70.1%, Cerebral hemorrhage was 20.5%, Transient ischemic attack (T.I.A) was 5.3%, Subdural hemorrhage was 3.0%, Subarachnoid hemorrhage was 0.8% 2. It was confirmed by C.T (20%), E.K.G. (19%), X-ray (19%), Urinalysis (19%), Hematoscopy (20%). 3. The mean days of hospital treatment was 27.88 days, mean days of ambulation was 70.34 days. The mean days of hospital treatment of Occlusive C.V.D, Cerebral hemorrhage, T.I.A., Subdural hemorrhage, Subarachnoid hemorrhage were 25.79, 39.32, 12.49, 16.23, 23.40 days, respectively. The mean days of ambulation of Occlusive C.V.D, Cerbral hemorrhage, T.I.A., Subdural hemorrhage, Subarachnoid hemorrhage were 74.40, 93.68, 69.10, 29.75, 32.57 days, respectavely. 4. Oriental medical treatment of C.V.A was mainly Acupuncture (25%), Paper of Chinese herbs (22%), Chinese physiotherapy (14%), Extract of Chinese herbs (11%). 5. Oriental medical physiotherapy for C.V.A was mostly E.S.T., Kinesiatrics, electric negative therapy, others Aerohydrotherapy, interferential current therapy (I.C.T.), Carbon, Samhogi, T.E.N.S., Ultra-sound, Infra-red, Microwave, T.D.P., Ultraviolet, S.S.P., Chinese herbs beth, Prarffin bath, Magnetic treatment and tractions.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.752-762
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• 2010

Objective : In the present study, we investigated genetic distribution of eight single nucleotide polymorphisms of PON1 between Dampness and Phlegm and non Dampness and Phlegm pattern identification(PI) among Korean stroke patients. Materials and Methods : One hundred forty stroke subject without Dampness and Phlegm and fifty eight stroke subjects with Dampness and Phlegm were participated in this study. After informed consents, eight single nucleotide polymorphisms(SNPs) in PON1 of each subjects were identified by DNA sequencing and primer extension method and statistical analysis was performed to determine the significant difference between Dampness and Phlegm and non Dampness and Phlegm groups. Results : Among anthropometric characteristics and blood parameters, waist circumference and total cholesterol were significantly higher in Dampness and Phlegm. Among 8 SNPs of PON1, frequency of M allele and subjects with M allele in L55M SNP were significantly higher in Dampness and Phlegm group (p=0.0032 and p=0.0053, respectively) but subjects with T allele in C-2033T SNP were lower in Dampness and Phlegm group(p=0.0302). Effect of L55M and C-2033T on Dampness and Phlegm were 3.07% and 1.75%, respectively. Conclusion : Our results suggest that L55M SNP in exon and C-2033T in promoter region of PON1 maybe affect to Dampness and Phlegm pattern identification. However, further study should be carried out to find out the detailed mechanism how L55M and C-2033T can affect Dampness and Phlegm stroke patients.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.440-444
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• 1998

Poly(phenylene sulfide-co-phenylene sulfide sulfone), PPS/PPSS copolymers were synthesized from p-dichlobenzene(DCB), p-dibromobenzene(DBB), p-diiodobenzene(DIB), 4-chlorophenyl sulfone(CPS) and sodium sulfide as comonomers under high temperature and pressure utilizing N-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone(NMP) as solvent. The yield of PPS/PPSS copolymer shoed maximum at $190^{\circ}C$ with [DBB]/[CPS] and [DIB]/[CPS] comonomer pair, while [DCB]/[CPS] pair exhibited maximum yield at $230^{\circ}C$. The change of yield is in the order of I>Br>Cl as leaving groups were in accordance with nucleophilic aromatic substitution reaction mechanism suggested for the synthesis of PPS type polymers. The molecular weight of PPS/PPSS copolymer was the highest($M_w=8,330g/mol$) with [DBB]/[CPS] comonomers in which [CPS] was 10 mole%. The PPS/PPSS copolymer made with 10 mole% of [CPS] showed about $15^{\circ}C$ higher $T_g$ and $15^{\circ}C$ lower $T_m$ than those of PPS homopolymer, which may be useful from the processing and thermal property point of view. The PPS/PPSS copolymer with 30 mole% of CPS or above did not exhibit Tm. The PPS/PPSS copolymer obtained with comonomer feed ratio of [DBB]/[CPS] = 95/5 mole% under $240^{\circ}C$ showed even higher molecular weight($M_w=10,300g/mole$) than PPS homopolymer made under similar reaction condition, retaining high crystallinity and thermal stability.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.11 no.5
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• pp.343-351
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• 2017

T1, T2 relaxation time and relaxation rates were measured and analyzed according to the change of RF coil channel number of MAGiC sequence. T1, T2, R1 and R2 maps were obtained by using MAGiC sequence with phantom (1.0, 0.6, 0.2, 0 mM) on the RF coil with channel number of 1, 8, 16 and 32 respectively. T1, T2, R1, R2 values and relaxation rates were measured for each channel number and concentration, and Relaxivity was calculated according to each concentration. T1, T2, R1, and R2 values were measured in each coil. There was no significant difference between T1 and R1 values (p> 0.05). However, T2 and R2 values were significantly different (p <0.05). In the post-analysis results, T2 value was significantly different from that measured on 1, 8, 16, and 32 channel coils (p <0.05) and There was no difference between 8, 16, and 32 channel coils (p> 0.05). The R2 value was significantly different from that measured on the 8, 16, and 32 channel coils in the 1 channel coil, and the results on the 8 channel coils and the 16 channel coils showed a significant difference (P <0.05). In conclusion, T1 and R1 values were not significantly different according to the number of channels in the coil, but T2 and R2 values were significantly different. Therefore, when quantitative measurement of T2 and R2 values using the MAGiC sequence, the same number of coils should be used for reproducibility.