• BMB Reports
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• 제39권1호
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• pp.84-90
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• 2006

During our search for macrophage stimulating compounds from medicinal plants, we isolated biopolymers from Acanthopanax sessiliflorus. Isolated fraction AS-5 showed maximum potential, and stimulated lysosonal enzymatic activity by 230% at $300\;{\mu}g/ml$. The nitric oxide (NO) producing ability of AS-5 $100\;{\mu}g/ml$ was $58\;{\mu}M$ when treated with interferon-$\gamma$ and lipopolysaccharide $20\;{\mu}g/ml$. The lymphocyte proliferating effects of isolated biopolymer fractions were also investigated. Highest lymphoproliferative activity (a 2.8-fold enhancement compared to saline treated group was exhibited by AS-3 at $200\;{\mu}g/ml$ followed by AS-5 and AS-6. The AS-3 fraction stimulated only T-lymphocytes and had little or no effect on B-lymphocyte proliferation. Partially methylated alditol acetates were prepared to elucidate the glycosyl linkage-compositions of the AS-3 and AS-5 biopolymers, and were analyzed by GC-MS. The AS-3 and AS-5 biopolymer fractions were found to contain 2,3,4-tri-O-methyl-D-glucitol, 2,3,4-tri-O-methyl-D-galacitol 3,4,6-tri-O-methyl-galacitol, 2-O-methyl-arabinitol and 2,4,6-tri-O-methyl-D-glucitol, 2,3,6-tri-O-methyl-D-galacitol linkages, respectively.

• BMB Reports
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• 제53권9호
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• pp.466-471
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• 2020

Several humanized mouse models are being used to study humanspecific immune responses and diseases. However, the pivotal needs of fetal tissues for the humanized mice model have been huddled because of the demand for ethical and medical approval. Thus, we have verified the hematopoietic and immunomodulatory function of HepaRG and developed a new and easy humanized mouse model to replace the use of fetal liver tissue. HepaRG co-transplanted Hu-NSG mice significantly increased CD45+ lymphocytes and CD19+ B cells and CD3+ T cells than normal Hu-NSG, suggesting enhanced reconstitution of the human immune system. These results have improved the applicability of humanized mice by developing new models easily accessible.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.408-412
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• 2004

For the evaluation of immunomodulatory effect of Korean Oldenlandiae Herb (OH) and Radix (OR), our experiment was performed with methanol extracts of Korean Oldenlandiae Herba and Radix. After administration of methanol extracts of Korean OH and OR for 7 days, Balb/C mice were immunized with sheep red blood cells. Four days later, splenic leukocytes were isolated and immunological experiments were performed. Rosette forming cells and plaque forming cells were significantly increased in Korean OH and OR treated mice compared with PBS treated control. Korean OH and OR also enhanced T and B lymphocytes, macrophage and natural killer cells by flowcytometric analysis. LPS-induced TNF-α and IL-6 levels were increased by OH and OR compared with untreated control. These results suggest that Korean OH and OR have immunomodulatory activity through regulation of cell-mediated immune and humoral immune response.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.133-137
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• 2010

Ginsan is an acidic polysaccharide purified from Panax ginseng, a famous oriental herb. Although a variety of biological activities of ginsan have been studied, the effects of ginsan on spleen cells are not fully elucidated. We investigated the effect of ginsan on the viability and proliferation of spleen cells. Using Cell Counting $Kit-8^{(R)}$ solution and trypan blue solution, we found that ginsan significantly enhanced viability and proliferation. Multiple clusters, indicating proliferation, were observed in ginsan-treated spleen cells and, carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester and surface marker staining assay revealed that ginsan promoted proliferation from $CD19^+$ B cells rather than $CD4^+$ or $CD8^+$ T cells. In addition, ginsan decreased the percentage of late apoptotic cells. Ginsan increased the surface expression of CD25 and CD69 as well as production of interleukin-2 from spleen cells, suggesting increased activation. Taken together, these results demonstrate that ginsan increases the viability and proliferation of spleen cells via multiple mechanisms, valuable information for broadening the use of ginsan in clinical and research settings.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제14권12호
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• pp.7289-7294
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• 2013

We here document discovery of a new and simple model of tumor seeding involving the mouse peritoneum. Irradiated tumor cells administered by i.p. injection provided effective vaccination against peritoneal carcinomatosis and distal metastasis with colorectal carcinomas. In flow cytometric analysis, CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes, macrophages and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), which are easy to obtain in the peritoneal cavity, were revealed to have significant differences between immunized and non-immunized mice and these contributed to antitumor responses. We also observed that both serum and peritoneal lavage fluid harvested from immunized mice showed the presence of CT26-specific autoantibodies. In addition, increase in level of TGF-${\beta}1$ and IL-10 in serum but a decrease of TGF-${\beta}1$ in peritoneum was found. Taken together, these findings may provide a new vaccine strategy for the prevention of peritoneal and even systemic metastasis of carcinomas through induction of an autoimmune response in the peritoneum.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.121-134
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• 2006

Objectives : This experiment was conducted to evaluate inhibitory effects against hepatic metastasis and promotion of immunocytes by cultivated wild ginseng Herbal Acupuncture. Methods : Colon26-L5 carcinoma cells were injected through hepatic portal vein to induce hepatic metastatic cancer. Changes in weight, morphology of the cancer, histological impressions were evaluated and cytokine level was analyzed to yield immunological changes. Colon26-L5 carcinoma cells were injected through hepatic portal vein to induce hepatic metastatic cancer. Changes in weight, morphology of the cancer, histological impressions were evaluated and cytokine level was analyzed to yield immunological changes. Results : 1. Mice treated with cultivated wild ginseng Herbal Acupuncture reduced metastatic size compared to the control group. 2. No distinctive differences were witnessed between the cancer cells of control and experimental group in histological observation, but experimental group was closer to the normal tissue condition. 3. Observing immunocytes from the spleen of experimental group, T-lymphocytes were significantly increased. 4. Measuring the level of cytokine IL-4 which stimulates Th 2 were significantly increased. These findings strong1y indicate cultivated wild ginseng Herbal Acupuncture enhances immunity to inhibit the growth of cancer and metastasis.

• BMB Reports
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• 제33권3호
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• pp.202-207
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• 2000

The depletion of intracellular calcium stores by thapsigargin treatment evoked extracellular calcium-dependent membrane currents in Xenopus laevis oocytes. These currents have been compared to those evoked by microinjection of a calcium influx factor (CIF) purified from Jurkat T lymphocytes. The membrane currents elicited by thapsigargin treatment (peak current, $163{\pm}60$ nA) or CIF injection (peak current, $897{\pm}188$ nA) were both dependent on calcium entry, based on their eradication by the removal of extracellular calcium. The currents were, in both cases, attributed primarily to well-characterized $Ca^{2+}-dependent$ $Cl^-$ currents, based on their similar reversal potentials (-24 mV vs. -28 mV) and their inhibition by niflumic acid (a $Cl^-$ channel blocker). Currents induced by either thapsigargin treatment or CIF injection exhibited an identical pattern of inhibitory sensitivity to a panel of lanthanides, suggesting that thapsigargin treatment or CIF injection evoked $Cl^-$ currents by stimulating calcium influx through pharmacologically identical calcium channels. These results indicate that CIF acts on the same calcium entry pathway activated by the depletion of calcium stores and most lanthanides are novel pharmacological tools for the study of calcium entry in Xenopus oocytes.

• Toxicological Research
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.267-273
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• 2010

As the use of carbon fullerene increases in the chemical industry, the concern over its biological and toxicological effects is also increasing. In this study, the suspension of carbon fullerene (C60) in phosphate buffered saline was prepared and toxicity was investigated using cultured RAW 264.7 and in intraperitoneally injected mice, respectively. The average size of carbon fullerene in the suspension was $53.7{\pm}26.5nm$ when determined by particle size analyzer. Cell viability was significantly decreased by the exposure of carbon fullerene ($0.25\sim2.00\;{\mu}g/ml$) for 96 hrs in the cultured RAW 264.7 cells. Intracellular reduced glutathione (GSH) level was also decreased compared to the level of the non-treated control group during the exposure period, while the level of nitric oxide was increased. When mice were intraperitoneally injected with carbon fullerene, serum cytokine levels of IL-1 and IL-6 were increased with the increased expression of inflammatory genes in peritoneal macrophage and T cell distribution in blood lymphocytes. The results suggested inflammatory responses were induced by carbon fullerene.

• Molecular & Cellular Toxicology
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• 제2권4호
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• pp.229-235
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• 2006

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are a major component of urban air pollution. It is documented that low exposure levels of VOCs induce alterations in immune reactivity resulting in a subsequent higher risk for the development of allergic reactivity and asthma. Despite these facts, there are few reports on the affected primary target and the underlying effective causal mechanisms. So in this study, to better understand the risk of BTX (benzene, toluene and o-xylene) which are the major VOCs and to identify novel biomarkers on immune response to these VOCs exposure in human T lymphocytes, we performed the toxicogenomic study by analyzing of gene expression profiles using 35 k human oligo-microarray. BTX generated specific gene expression patterns in Jurkat cell line. By clustering analysis, we identified some genes as potential markers on immuno-modulating effects of BTX. Four genes of these, HLA-DOA, ITGB2, HMGA2 and 5TAT4 were the most significantly affected by BTX exposure. Thus, this study suggests that these differentially expressed immune genes may play an important role in the pathogenesis on BTX exposure and have significant potential as novel biomarkers of exposure, susceptibility and response to BTC.

• Advances in Traditional Medicine
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• 제3권2호
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• pp.90-99
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• 2003

There are several data in the literature indicating a great variety of pharmacological activities of Polypodium genus, which exhibit antiinflammatory and immunomodulatory activities. Since one of our main interests is to obtain natural immunoregulatory agents devoid of pharmacological adverse effects, we used flow cytometry analysis to highlight relative contributions of a water-soluble fraction of different concentrations of Polypodium rhizome extracts on lymphocyte subpopulations, NK and LAK activity. To measure their potential immunoregulatory activity a T cell proliferation assay in response to phytohemaglutinin (PHA) and mixed lymphocyte reactions were chosen. As a confirmatory bioassay we studied the effect of our extracts on CD45RO and CD95 antigen expressions. The results indicate that CD95 expression dramatically increases after peripheral blood lymphocyte activation and treatment with Polypodium leucotomus, cambricum and vulgare extracts, suggesting a powerful intrinsic pro-apoptotic effect.