• Journal of Internet of Things and Convergence
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.33-40
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• 2023

This study was aimed at examining the effects of aroma blending oil inhalation on academic stress and class concentration in nursing students. The research design was a nonequivalent placebo control group nonsynchronized. The subjects of the study were 24 students in the treatment group and 24 placebo control group. Data collection was from November 4, 2022 to December 3, 2022, and the data were analyzed chi-square test, independent t-test, paired t-test using the SPSS 23.0 Program. The treatment group inhaled aroma blending oil for 10 days showed a significant decrease in academic stress (t=-8.79, p<.001) and a significant increase in class concentration (t=24.44, p<.001).

• Journal of Integrative Natural Science
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.123-129
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• 2021

This research examines the effect of positively skewed population distribution on the two sample t-test through simulation. For simulation work, two independent samples were selected from the same chi-square distributions with 3, 5, 10, 15, 20, 30 degrees of freedom and sample sizes 3, 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, respectively. Chi-square distribution is largely skewed to the right at small degrees of freedom and getting symmetric as the degrees of freedom increase. Simulation results show that the sampled populations are distributed positively skewed like chi-square distribution with small degrees of freedom, the F-test for the equality of variances shows poor performances even at the relatively large degrees of freedom and sample sizes like 30 for both, and so it is recommended to avoid using F-test. When two population variances are equal, the skewness of population distribution does not affect on the t-test in terms of the confidence level. However even though for the highly positively skewed distribution and small sample sizes like three or five the t-test achieved the nominal confidence level, the error limits are very large at small sample size. Therefore, if the sampled population is expected to be highly skewed to the right, it will be recommended to use relatively large sample size, at least 20.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.101-107
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• 2003

Objectives : Dementia has emerged as a leading public health problem in elderly persons, and its early detection is important for the treatment of curable cases, and in the educational support for other family members. Although dementia screening tests are available, they have not gained widespread use in community or primary care settings. Our goal was to validate the Tine and Change (T&C) Test, -including its validity and reliability in patients, and to assess it as a simple, standardized method for the screening of dementia in the rural elderly. Methods : The participants in this study comprised of 59 patients from an urban hospital and 405 persons from a rural community aged 65 years or older. The time test evaluated the understanding of clock hands indicating 11:10, and the change test the ability to make 1,000 Won from a group of coins, consisting of one 500, seven 100, and seven 50 Won coins. The T&C ratings were validated against a reference standard based on the physician's diagnosis of the patients. The convergent validity in relation to other cognitive measure, test-retest agreement, and inter-observer reliability were assessed. To assess the relationship between the Korean Mini-Mental State Exam (K-MMSE) and the T&C Test, the mean K-MMSE scores were compared with the results of the T&C Test in the elderly from a rural community. Results The T&C Test had a sensitivity and specificity of 73.0, and 90.9%, and positive and negative predictive values of 93.1, and 66.7%, respectively. The test-retest and inter-observer agreement rates were both 95%. The K-MMSE scores and T&C Test were significantly related in the elderly from a rural community (p<0.01), The T&C Test was not influenced by the educational status. The Time and Change Tests took a mean of 6.3 and 12.7 seconds, respectively, to complete Conclusion : The T&C Test is a simple, accurate and reliable, performance-based tool in the screening for dementia. Because it is quick, and easy-to-use, it is hoped the T&C Test will be used for the widespread cognitive screening of aging populations.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.22-28
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• 1993

This study was undertaken to determine the effects of ginseng total saponin (GTS) on stress- induced analgesia (SIA) in mice. intermittent foot shock (FS)-SIA was antagonized not by on but by naloxone in the tail flick FS-SIA which was not antagonized by naloxone in the T.F. test. On the other hand, GTS did not antagonize the continuous FS-SIA naloxone antagonized in the T.P. test. Also GTS antagonized psychological (PSIF)-SIA which was not antagonized by naloxone in the T.F. test. However, GTS did not antagonize the PSY-SIA which naloxone antagonized in the T.P. test. Forced swimming (FSIP)-SIA was not affected by both GTS and naloxone. These results suggest that the antapeonisms of intermittent FS-SIA in the T.F. test, continuous FS-SIA and PSY-SIA by GTS are mediated by non-opioid mechanisms but the antagonism of intermittent FS-SIA in the T.P. test by GTS is mediated by opioid mechanism.

• Research in Community and Public Health Nursing
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.310-321
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• 2020

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of the interpersonal caring program for young North Korean defectors which we developed based on Kim's interpersonal caring technique. Methods: This study employs a non-equivalent control group pretest-posttest design. The subjects of this study are 36 young North Korean defectors living in three areas. The participants are recruited through alternative schools, churches, and acquaintances. The experimental group consists of 20 participants and the control group consists of 16 participants. Experiments are conducted by four days. Specifically, the experiments are conducted eight times and each takes about 120 minutes. Furthermore, we run the camp for two nights and three days. We test our hypothesis by using Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Independent t-test, Paired t-test, and Independent t-test. Results: All the test statistics support our hypotheses such as self-esteem (t=1.87, p=.035), mental health (t=-1.69, p=.049), interpersonal relationships (t=1.93, p=.031), and quality of life (t=1.88, p=.034). Conclusion: We found that the interpersonal caring program developed in this study is effective in improving North Korean defectors' self-esteem, mental health, interpersonal relationships, and quality of life.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.17 no.9
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• pp.291-299
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• 2019

This study is a nonequivalent control group pretest-posttest designed to understand the effect of ethical dilemma discussion program on human rights sensitivity and ethical values of university students. By providing ethical dilemma discussion program to university students in C university, G-do, the effectiveness was verified. Analyzed using IBM SPSS 24.0. The normality of the variables was verified by Shapiro-Wilk test. Homogeneity was verified using real number and percentage, Fisher's exact probability test and independent t-test. The program's effect was verified using paired t-test. The results of this study are as follows: after the ethical dilemma discussion program, the experimental group's human rights sensitivity(t=-2.32, p=.025), and ethical value(t=-2.43, p=.020) were higher than the control group. Therefore, the ethical dilemma discussion program of this study helped improve the human rights susceptibility and ethical values of the subjects. Further research is needed to verify the effects of ethics education on diverse groups.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Intelligent Systems
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.737-745
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• 2008

Recent developments of process and measurement technology bring much interest to the online monitoring of process operations such as milling, grinding, broaching, etc. The objective of online monitoring systems is to detect process changes as early as possible. This is helpful in protecting facilities against unexpected failures and then preventing unnecessary loss. This paper investigates, when the process monitoring data are obtained as a profile, the monitoring performances of a statistical $T^2$-statistic and a feedforward neural network by using a wavelet transform. Numerical experiments using cutting force data presented by Axinte show that the proposed wavelet based $T^2$-test has an acceptable power in detecting profile changes. However, its operating characteristic is very sensitive to autocorrelation. On the contrary, compared with $T^2$-test, the neural network has more stable performance in the presence of autocorrelation. This indicates that an adaptive feature to analyze noises should be incorporated into the wavelet based $T^2$-test.

• The Korean Journal of Applied Statistics
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.149-160
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• 2001

In this paper we employ two-sample location tests such as Wilcoxon test and T test for detecting edges in noisy images. For this, we compute a test statistic on pixel gray levels obtained using an edge-height parameter and compare it with a threshold determined by a significance level. Experimental results applied to sample images are given and performances of these tests in terms of the objective measure are compared.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Fisheries and Ocean Technology
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.24-28
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• 1986

The maneuverabilities of the M. S. PUSAN 402 are studied, based on maneuvering indices and the data obtained from her Z test. The results obtained are summarized as follows: 1. The maneuvering indices K' and T' of the M. S. PUSAN 402 are 1. 490, 1.030 at 10$^{\circ}$ Z test and 2.644, 1.153 at 20$^{\circ}$ Z test and 3.382. 1. 027 at 30$^{\circ}$ Z test respectively. The above calculated values K', T' showed that her maneuverabilities are more increased when the rudder is used to large angle than to smaIl angle. 2. As her maneuvering indices K' and T' at 10$^{\circ}$ Z test are higher than the standard maneuvering indices of fishing boats, her turning ability was found to be higher but her obeying ability lower. 3. When the M. S. PUSAN 402 took a turn at her 10$^{\circ}$ test, running distance was about 8.4 times her own length and didn't exceed the standard maneuvering distance, 5 to 11 times ship's own length, therefore she was considered to have good maneuverabilities syntheticaIly.

• International Journal of Reliability and Applications
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.1-9
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• 2014

Let X and $X_t$ denote the lifetime and the residual life at age t, respectively. X is said to be a NBUL (new better than used in Laplace transform order) random variable if $X_t$ is smaller than X in Laplace order, i.e., $X_t{\leq}_{LT}X$. We propose a new test statistics for testing exponentiality versus NBUL class of life distribution. The tests by Hollender and Proschan (1975) and the generalized Hollender and Proschan test by Ains and Mitra (2011) are considered as special cases of the our of test statistics. Our proposed test statistics is simple, consistent and asymptotically normal. Efficiency and powers of the test statistics for some commonly used distributions in reliability are discussed. Finally, real examples are presented to illustrate the theoretical results.