• Toxicological Research
• /
• 제17권
• /
• pp.211-216
• /
• 2001

Drugs can have various adverse effects on the immune system including unintended immun-osuppression, induction of both drug-specific immune responses (including drug allergies) and non-specific immunostimulation (including autoimmune reactions), and direct activation of effector mechanisms (such as histamine release). As a practical matter, the Center for Drug Evaluation (CDER) relies on standard non-clinical toxicology studies to detect unintended immunosuppression. Specific assays using guinea pigs and mice are available to identify drugs that can induce immune-mediated dermal hypersensitivity reactions. Respiratory and systemic hypersensitivity and autoimmune reactions are more difficult to model in non-clinical studies. Unintended nonspecific immunstimulation can be detected in animal studies. CDER is currently developing specific guidance for evaluating potential drug immunotoxicity.

• 인터넷정보학회논문지
• /
• 제13권5호
• /
• pp.77-92
• /
• 2012

본 연구에서는 21세기 새로운 교육 패러다임으로 인정받고 있는 스마트교육이 실제 학교 현장에서 어떤 방향으로 이루어져야 하는지 그 방향성을 탐색하기 위하여 스마트교육 관련 현장 전문가를 대상으로 델파이 조사를 실시하였다. 그 결과 스마트교육의 교육목표, 교육 내용, 교육 방법, 교육 평가, 교육 환경으로 구성된 각 영역에서 전문가들의 합의점을 도출할 수 있었으며, 이를 바탕으로 실제 교육 현장에서 지침을 제공할 수 있는 스마트교육 모형을 개발하였다. 스마트교육 모형은 21세기를 살아갈 학습자들이 협업과 의사소통을 통해 문제를 해결하고 창의성을 높이며 바른 인성을 함양하도록 전개되어야한다는 교육 목표 아래, 교육 내용, 교육 방법, 교육 평가, 교육 환경이 일관성 있게 유기적으로 연결된 체제적 교육 모형이다. 본 연구가 스마트교육이 실제로 이루어지는 학교현장에 작은 보탬이 되기를 기대한다.

• 한국정보시스템학회지:정보시스템연구
• /
• 제18권4호
• /
• pp.41-57
• /
• 2009

Although financial information is a great influence upon determining of the group which use them, detection of management fraud and earning manipulation is a difficult task using normal audit procedures and corporate credit evaluation processes, due to the shortage of knowledge concerning the characteristics of management fraud, and the limitation of time and cost. These limitations suggest the need of systemic process for !he effective risk of earning manipulation for credit evaluators, external auditors, financial analysts, and regulators. Moot researches on management fraud have examined how various characteristics of the company's management features affect the occurrence of corporate fraud. This study examines financial characteristics of companies engaged in fraudulent financial reporting and suggests a model and system for detecting GAAP violations to improve reliability of accounting information and transparency of their management. Since the detection of management fraud has limited proven theory, this study used the detecting method of outlier(upper, and lower bound) financial ratio, as a real-field application. The strength of outlier detecting method is its use of easiness and understandability. In the suggested model, 14 variables of the 7 useful variable categories among the 76 financial ratio variables are examined through the distribution analysis as possible indicators of fraudulent financial statements accounts. The developed model from these variables show a 80.82% of hit ratio for the holdout sample. This model was developed as a financial outlier detecting system for a financial institution. External auditors, financial analysts, regulators, and other users of financial statements might use this model to pre-screen potential earnings manipulators in the credit evaluation system. Especially, this model will be helpful for the loan evaluators of financial institutes to decide more objective and effective credit ratings and to improve the quality of financial statements.

• 한국조경학회지
• /
• 제38권4호
• /
• pp.11-24
• /
• 2010

본 연구는 지구단위 차원에서 자연체험 및 휴양 가치를 평가하기 위해 객관적인 평가지표를 도출하고, 이를 토대로 체계적인 평가모형을 설정하는데 가장 큰 목적을 두었다. 우선 문헌분석 결과, 자연체험 및 휴양가치 평가를 위한 평가지표 들로는 층위구조, 포장율, 헤메로비(hemeroby) 등 총 10개의 항목이 도출되었다. 또한, 전문가 설문분석 결과, 평가지표 항목 모두가 4.4 이상으로 높은 중요도 평균값을 나타내었다. 특히 헤메로비 및 독특한 경관요소 항목은 5.8 이상으로 매우 높게 나타났다. 더불어 평가지표들을 특성별로 유형화하기 위해 요인분석을 수행한 결과, '경관구조 및 자연체험 질', '일반적 이용성', '미 시각 질' 등 총 3개의 요인으로 구분되었다. 이상과 같은 설문분석 결과를 토대로 각 요인별 가중치를 산정한 결과, '미 시각 질' 요인이 3.510으로 가장 높은 값을 보였으며, 이에 반해 '경관구조 및 자연체험 질' 요인은 3.035으로 가장 낮은 값을 나타내었다. 이들 결과를 종합적으로 분석하여 체계적인 가치평가 모형을 설정하였다. 또한, 도출된 평가모형의 타당성을 검증해 보기 위해 실 사례지를 선정하여 적용하였다. 우선 사례지의 비오톱 유형분류 결과, 비오톱 유형군은 유수지 비오톱 등 총 13개로 분류되었으며, 이에 귀속되는 비오톱 유형은 총 61개로 구분되었다. 마지막으로 기 설정된 평가모형을 적용한 비오톱 가치평가 결과, I 등급으로는 식생이 풍부한 자연형 하천, 산림과 접해 있는 소규모 수림 등 총 16개 유형으로 나타났다. 반면 II 등급은 9개 유형, III 등급은 8개 유형, IV 등급은 8개 유형, 가치가 매우 낮은 V 등급은 19개 유형으로 분석되었다.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
• /
• 제24권8호
• /
• pp.1133-1142
• /
• 2014

Interleukin-32 (IL-32) is a cytokine and inducer of various proinflammatory cytokines such as $TNF{\alpha}$, IL-$1{\beta}$, and IL-6 as well as chemokines. There are five splicing variants (${\alpha}$, ${\beta}$, ${\gamma}$, ${\delta}$, and ${\varepsilon}$) and IL-$32{\gamma}$ is the most active isoform. We generated human IL-$32{\gamma}$ transgenic (IL-$32{\gamma}$ TG) mice to express high level of IL-$32{\gamma}$ in various tissues, including immune cells. The pathology of sepsis is based on the systemic inflammatory response that is characterized by upregulating inflammatory cytokines in whole body, particularly in response to gram-negative bacteria. We investigated the role of IL-$32{\gamma}$ in a mouse model of experimental sepsis by using lipopolysaccharides (LPS). We found that IL-$32{\gamma}TG$ mice resisted LPS-induced lethal endotoxemia. IL-$32{\gamma}$ reduced systemic cytokines release after LPS administration but not the local immune response. IL-$32{\gamma}TG$ increased neutrophil influx into the initial foci of the primary injected site, and prolonged local cytokines and chemokines production. These results suggest that neutrophil recruitment in IL-$32{\gamma}TG$ occurred as a result of the local induction of chemokines but not the systemic inflammatory cytokine circulation. Together, our results suggest that IL-$32{\gamma}$ enhances an innate immune response against local infection but inhibits the spread of immune responses, leading to systemic immune disorder.

• 한국컴퓨터정보학회논문지
• /
• 제28권3호
• /
• pp.177-187
• /
• 2023

이 연구는 교육서비스 관점에서 MOOC의 질 평가를 위한 잠재모형을 도출하고 신뢰롭고 타당한 MOOC 질 평가도구를 개발하고 타당화하는 데 목적이 있다. 연구목적을 달성하기 위해 선행 연구결과에 기초해서, MOOC 평가 잠재모형(4개 요인과 8개 하위요인)을 도출하였다. 이 잠재모형을 토대로 18개 예비 평가문항을 개발한 후, 대학 원격수업 경험이 있는 학습자 138명을 대상으로 문항중요도 설문을 실시하였다. 수집된 136개의 자료를 활용하여 탐색적 요인분석 결과, 수집된 데이터에서 4개의 요인(체제적 학습 경험, 가치 경험, 가치 경험의 공동 창조, 고차원 학습경험)과 7개의 하위요인(실제성, 신뢰성, 확신성, 반응성, 조직환경 체계성, 프로그램 체계성, 학습자 지지의 체계성, 공동주도성)으로 추출되었다. 신뢰도 분석결과, 선정된 문항들은 각 척도를 구성하는 문항으로서 높은 내적합치도를 보였다. MOOC에 대한 평가도구는 타당하고 신뢰할 수 있다는 결론을 내릴 수 있다.

• 품질경영학회지
• /
• 제29권1호
• /
• pp.184-190
• /
• 2001

Industrial structure is more developed, the economical value of human resources and the cases which risks worker's Health & Safety is expended. The Safety & Health issues are focused on elements of control for management activity simultaneously with work environment as well as the risk elements which risks worker's life and body. The activity for combination of basic management System and Safety & Health management is progressing with active discussion in ILO, BS 8800 is specified the guidance of Occupational Safety & Health Management System in UK. 1996. This research refers to BS 8800:1996, specification as a basic model, and introduce of the result of certification development result in Occupational Safety & Health management System with in ISO 14001 Environmental System Standards & ISO 9001 Quality Management System Standards and Systemic Factors. Through this applicability and efficiency evaluation, we make an effort to support and to improve the specification. Also applicability evaluation of Occupational Safety & Health management System and the specification developed for the purpose of the third party certification is applied with expending in industry, and the method is presented through the case which is required to support for method review and activities.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
• /
• 제39권3호
• /
• pp.71-83
• /
• 2022

Objectives : Instructional design is the systematic approach to the Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, and Evaluation of learning materials and activities. We aimed to apply the rapid prototyping to instructional systems design (RPISD) in meridianology laboratory, a subject in which students train acupuncture to develop lesson plan. Methods : The needs of the stakeholders including client, subject matter expert and students were analyzed using the performance needs analysis model. Task analysis was implemented by observation and interview. First prototype was drafted and implemented in meridianology laboratory class once. The second prototype was modified from the first, by usability evaluation of the stakeholders. Results : The client requested an electronically documented manual to improve the quality of acupuncture training. The learner requested an extension of practice time and detailed practice guidelines. The main problems of students' performance were some cases of violation of clean needle technique, the lack of communication between the operator and recipient in direct, and lack of confidence in their own performance. Stakeholders were generally satisfied with the proposed first prototype. Second prototype of lesson plan was produced by modifying some contents. Conclusions : A lesson plan was developed by applying the systematic RPISD model. It is expected that the developed instructional design may contribute to the quality improvement of meridianology laboratory education.

• 수산해양교육연구
• /
• 제25권4호
• /
• pp.937-957
• /
• 2013

This study was conducted for the purpose of developing the UCC project teaching and learning model based on the rationale which are applicable effectively in the field of university education. Firstly, we have designed the rationale based on the research of documents and preceding researches about teaching method models. Secondly, we have developed the UCC project teaching and learning model. the UCC project teaching and learning model based on the rationale was assessed by the professional formative evaluation group and tested in the field of university education in advance and thereafter. It was finally rectified and supplemented. Particularly, any corrections were to be made repeatedly in the stage of developing of the UCC project. And also, during the assessment and arrangement process, it was designed for the study participants to feel a sense of achievement as learners who combine knowledge and attitudes toward participants'subjects of the curriculum and professional vocational skills by performing the nursing science training scene which could happen in the field. Thirdly, the final version of the UCC project teaching and learning model was verified in its effectiveness by being applied in the field of the nursing science education in the $2^{nd}$ step. As a result, we noticed that learners diverse abilities were improved through systemic process and performing elements such as teaching plan which was needed for designing the UCC project in the field, making storyboard and skills for making video contents. We hope that the UCC project teaching and learning model in this study will be used by the students for designing, developing and utilizing educational UCCs which are necessary in industrial fields and it will contribute for training university students as professionals having the practical skills in the field.

• 대한바이러스학회지
• /
• 제28권1호
• /
• pp.63-69
• /
• 1998

To establish in vivo antiviral evaluation system by using murine herpesvirus intracerebral infection model, 5-6 female BALB/c mice per group aged 5 weeks were inoculated i.c. into cerebrum with different inocular HSV-1 F. Signs of clinical disease noted everyday for one month. Observed were body weight decrease, neurological signs and death caused by encephalitis. Mice discontinued body weight decrease were recovered from the disease, and keratitis was often observed during recovery. The groups inoculated with higher than 1,000 PFU showed 100% mortaltiy and $LD_{50}$ was <100 PFU/mouse. To study the effect of virus inoculum sizes on antiviral effect of acyclovir (ACV), mice inoculated with different inocula were administered i.p. with different doses of ACV immediately after infection, and twice a day for 5 days. The higher inculum size, the less protective. $ED_{50}$ of ACV was >25, >25, 18.4 and 8.0 mg/kg b.i.d. in the group infected with 1,000,000, 100,000, 10,000 and 1,000 PFU/mouse, respectively. $LD_{50}$ of ACV was 62.5 mg/kg b.i.d. Therapeutic index of ACV was <2.5, <2.5, 3.0 and 7.0 in the groups with inocula 1,000,000, 100,000, 10,000 and 1,000 PFU/mouse, respectively. Inoculum size 1,000 PFU/mouse showing 100% mortaltiy and 5-6 days mean time to death, 5 days drug administration and 14 days observation will be future experimental conditions.