• 대한환경공학회지
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• 제32권4호
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• pp.311-322
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• 2010

The common life with modern urban residence, spending more than 80~90% of daily life in indoor environment, makes the importance of indoor air quality (IAQ) even higher. Many efforts have made to improve indoor air quality (IAQ), which requires those systematic approaches for field practice. A recent study reported that no general approach cannot be made for IAQ improvement due to the great deal of variety in different indoor environments. Those indoor spaces included in Korean IAQ regulation were classified based on their characteristics and the IAQ guideline was suggested for each group of indoor spaces. Apart from those indoor spaces, the classroom in elementary school has different characteristics. By introducing the systematic approaches, the elementary classroom was surveyed and analyzed to understand its characteristics in due IAQ consideration. Based on the characteristics, there are several IAQ control measures suggested, including ventilation operation, dust mat installation, and white board. $CO_2$ and airborne dust were monitored and analyzed in order to evaluate the effectiveness of each control measure to IAQ. It was found that the general level of $CO_2$ concentration was managed under the IAQ guideline by applying the ventilator operation. The ventilation was also effective to the fugitive airborne particulate in elementary classroom environment.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제52권5호
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• pp.995-1001
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• 2020

With the development of digital instrumentation and control (I&C) devices, cyber security at nuclear power plants (NPPs) has become a hot issue. The Stuxnet, which destroyed Iran's uranium enrichment facility in 2010, suggests that NPPs could even lead to an accident involving the release of radioactive materials cyber-attacks. However, cyber security research on industrial control systems (ICSs) and supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) systems is relatively inadequate compared to information technology (IT) and further it is difficult to study cyber-attack taxonomy for NPPs considering the characteristics of ICSs. The advanced research of cyber-attack taxonomy does not reflect the architectural and inherent characteristics of NPPs and lacks a systematic countermeasure strategy. Therefore, it is necessary to more systematically check the consistency of operators and regulators related to cyber security, as in regulatory guide 5.71 (RG.5.71) and regulatory standard 015 (RS.015). For this reason, this paper attempts to suggest a template for cyber-attack taxonomy based on the characteristics of NPPs and exemplifies a specific cyber-attack case in the template. In addition, this paper proposes a systematic countermeasure strategy by matching the countermeasure with critical digital assets (CDAs). The cyber-attack cases investigated using the proposed cyber-attack taxonomy can be used as data for evaluation and validation of cyber security conformance for digital devices to be applied, and as effective prevention and mitigation for cyber-attacks of NPPs.

• Physical Therapy Rehabilitation Science
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• 제10권3호
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• pp.343-350
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• 2021

Objective: The most common type of cancer in women is breast cancer, and pain in the upper extremity and trunk is a discomfort experienced by more than half. Based on the evidence that manual therapy is effective for pain control in postoperative rehabilitation, this study aims to analyze the effects of manual therapy on upper extremity pain and function in patients after breast cancer surgery. Design: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Methods: We searched MEDLINE, Embase, PEDro, and CINAHL databases until August 2021. We included randomized controlled trial evaluating pain and function in patients after breast cancer surgery. Qualitative analysis was performed using Cochrane's risk of bias tool, and quantitative analysis was performed using RevMan 5.4 to analyze post-intervention outcomes. Results: Four randomized controlled trials were selected to evaluate the effects of upper extremity pain and function in 133 patients who underwent manual therapy after breast cancer surgery. In the results of qualitative and quantitative analysis, the experimental group treated with manual therapy showed a significant improvement in pain compared to the control group (-0.62; 95% confidence interval (CI) -0.97 to -0.27). However, there was no significant improvement in upper extremity function (-0.09; 95% CI -0.43 to 0.25). Conclusions: Current evidence shows that manual therapy is effective for pain control in patients who complain of upper extremity pain after breast cancer surgery.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• 제39권3호
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• pp.170-181
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• 2022

This review evaluated the efficacy of electroacupuncture (EA) for chronic fatigue syndrome. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) using EA as an intervention for patients with chronic fatigue syndrome were identified in 6 databases (PUBMED, EMBASE, CNKI, J-STAGE, KMBASE, OASIS). Fatigue indicators were used as the primary outcome measures. The quality-of-life index, efficiency rate, and level of pain were used as secondary outcome measures. There were 408 patients from seven RCTs included in this study. Meta-analysis showed that EA was significantly associated with fatigue relief compared with the control group (n = 141 SMD = -1.55, 95% CI; -2.58 - -0.52, p = 0.003, I² = 92%). In addition, EA had a statistically significant improvement in quality of life compared with the control group (n = 176, SMD = -2.29, 95% CI; -3.68 - -0.90, p = 0.001, I² = 96%). One study reported ten cases of bleeding, however, no serious adverse events were reported in any of the included studies. This review determined that EA may have a greater clinical effect than the control group for fatigue relief and improved quality of life. However, there were several risks of bias identified. Not all of the RCTs accurately reported the research method, all studies were conducted in 1 country (China), and the number of studies included were small.

• 한방안이비인후피부과학회지
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• 제35권4호
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• pp.123-138
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• 2022

Objectives : The purpose of this study is to see the effects of herbal medicines on hyperhidrosis treatment. Methods : We searched articles related to oriental treatment of hyperhidrosis through domestic and international databases. Articles were searched for RCT. The results were summarized in tables and graphs, and meta-analysis was performed. Results : As a result of setting the herbal medicine alone treatment as an intervention for hyperhidrosis and western medicine alone as the control group, total 8 articles were selected. We analyzed them and got the results. The efficient rate of the treatment group was statistically significantly higher than that of the control group. In addition, adverse events were significantly less in the treatment group than in the control group. Conclusions : We found that oriental herbal medicine was effective and safe for hyperhidrosis.

• 산업경영시스템학회지
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• 제8권11호
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• pp.35-43
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• 1985

In this paper we will concentrate on the Quality Control Policy which should be enforced as a part of the Total Quality Control considers the global concepts, the establishment Procedures, and the evolution and operation of Quality control policy to achieve effectively it. For enforcement of the Qualify control policy shall be focused for considerations : (1) suggestion of the optimum control policy (2) suggestion of a comprehensive plan and promoting method quality control (3) suggestion of matters that need special consideration at the time of decision of a comprehensive management of control policy thereof. (4) A comprehensive Proposal (5) suggestion of a plan for progress of the Quality control system and the supplementary plan In the future, accordingly, establishment d its own policy control level is desirably more reasonable, and the Total Quality Control System that employes the control efficiency of periodical and systematic and rationalization and radical reform of the enterprise management problem as the restrictive conditions must be applied for quality control system.

• 한국측량학회지
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• 제32권3호
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• pp.233-244
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• 2014

Precise Point Positioning (PPP) is an increasingly recognized precisely the GPS/GNSS positioning technique. In order to improve the accuracy of PPP, the error sources in PPP measurements should be reduced as much as possible and the ambiguities should be correctly resolved. The correct ambiguity resolution requires a careful control of residual errors that are normally categorized into random and systematic errors. To understand effects from two categorized errors on the PPP ambiguity resolution, those two GPS datasets are simulated by generating in locations in South Korea (denoted as SUWN) and Hong Kong (PolyU). Both simulation cases are studied for each dataset; the first case is that all the satellites are affected by systematic and random errors, and the second case is that only a few satellites are affected. In the first case with random errors only, when the magnitude of random errors is increased, L1 ambiguities have a much higher chance to be incorrectly fixed. However, the size of ambiguity error is not exactly proportional to the magnitude of random error. Satellite geometry has more impacts on the L1 ambiguity resolution than the magnitude of random errors. In the first case when all the satellites have both random and systematic errors, the accuracy of fixed ambiguities is considerably affected by the systematic error. A pseudorange systematic error of 5 cm is the much more detrimental to ambiguity resolutions than carrier phase systematic error of 2 mm. In the $2^{nd}$ case when only a portion of satellites have systematic and random errors, the L1 ambiguity resolution in PPP can be still corrected. The number of allowable satellites varies from stations to stations, depending on the geometry of satellites. Through extensive simulation tests under different schemes, this paper sheds light on how the PPP ambiguity resolution (more precisely L1 ambiguity resolution) is affected by the characteristics of the residual errors in PPP observations. The numerical examples recall the PPP data analysts that how accurate the error correction models must achieve in order to get all the ambiguities resolved correctly.

• Journal of Power Electronics
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.1-12
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• 2007

Novel nonlinear backstepping control with integrated adaptive control function is developed for high-performance positioning control systems. The proposed schemes are synthesized by a systematic approach and implemented based on a modern low-cost DSP controller, TMS320C32. A baseline backstepping control scheme is derived first, and is then extended to include a nonlinear adaptive control against the system parameter changes and load variations. The backstepping control utilizes Lyapunov function to guarantee the convergence of the position tracking error. The final control algorithm is a convenient in the implementation of a practical 32-bit DSP controller. The new control system can achieve superior performance over the conventional nested PI controllers, with improved position tracking, control bandwidth, and robustness against external disturbances, which is demonstrated by experimental results.

• 제어로봇시스템학회:학술대회논문집
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• 제어로봇시스템학회 1992년도 한국자동제어학술회의논문집(국내학술편); KOEX, Seoul; 19-21 Oct. 1992
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• pp.1090-1095
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• 1992

This paper describes the systematic control method of process information transfer and machine cell control in FMS implementation. We have constructed an experimental FMS computer network and control system. The system hardware consists of host computer to manage process data and information transfer of machine cells, cell control computers to control machine cells(NC lathe, machining center). On the other hand, software is made up of oredr management module, NC program searching and generation module, NC part program error check module and cell control module. In this study, we could arrive at conclusion as following : The first, each task could be accomplihed by the efficient information transfer in hierachical computer network. The second, data base system of part programs and process control data is needed for the efficint information transfer and production management. Lastly, expansion of FMS control system could be achieved by the hierachical and decentralized computer control system.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제12권6호
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• pp.633-656
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• 2001

In this paper, modal control with direct output feedback is formulated in a systematic manner for easy implementation. Its application to the seismic protection of structural systems is verified by a shaking table test, which involves a full-scale building model and an active bracing system as the control device. Two modal control cases, namely, one full-state feedback and one direct output feedback control were tested and compared. The experimental result shows that in mitigating the seismic response of building structures, modal control with direct output feedback can be as effective and efficient as that with full-state feedback control. For practical concerns, the control performance of the proposed method in the presence of sensor noise and stiffness modeling error was also investigated. The numerical result shows that although the control force may be increased, the maximum floor displacements of the controlled structure are very insensitive to sensor noise and modeling error.