• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.147-153
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• 2007

Effect of puffing treatment on saponins, total sugars, acidic polysaccharide, phenolic compounds, microstructure and pepsin digestibility of dried red ginseng tail root were tested. Puffing samples of dried red ginsneng tail root were pre-pared at 20rpm, 15 $kg/cm^2$, $120{\sim}150^{\circ}C$, and for 30 min by a rotary type apparatus of 5 L capacity. Crude saponin content of puffing red ginseng tail root was increased 26.5% compared to non-puffing, especially $Rg_3$ content was increased from 0.49 mg/g to 0.72 mg/g. Total sugar content was not changed, but acidic polysaccharide content was slightly decreased from 7.15% to 6.44% by puffing treatment. Total phenolic compounds was increased from 7.86% to 9.94% by puffing. In terms of individual phenolic compounds, salicylic acid was quantified in puffing tail root, but gentisic acid was quantified in non-puffing. Syringic acid was the most predominant phenolic acid, increased to about 6 times by puffing treatment. On the other hand, gallic acid, p-coumaric acid, caffeic acid and ferulic acid were highly decreased. Microstructure of cross-section in puffing tail root was shown to more uniform shape compared to non-puffing. Pepsin digestibilities of puffing and non puffing red ginseng tail root were 22.4% and 46.2%, respectively (p<0.05). The results indicated that puffing treatment might be useful increasing the bioactive components, preference and digestibility.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.228-235
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• 1997

This experiments were conducted to determine the effect of allelopathy and autotoxicity in alfalfa. Among several alfalfa cultivars, the substances exudated from seven cultivars including Medicago sativa, c.v. Luna, Sparta, Magnum, Husky, Milkmaker, Challenger and Anchor inhibited the germination and seedling growth of radish, ranging from 60 to 80％. When allelopathic substances were exudated from the soil of the alfalfa-cultivated field, the increased levels of substance retarded the germination rate and seedling growth of radish and alfalfa. The inhibition rate was about 80％, compared with that of control. Thus, this study indicates that the allelopathy and autotoxicity substances of alfalfa influenced the germination and seedling growth in alfalfa itself and radish. When allelopathic substances were analysed by using gas chromatograph, several kinds of phenol compounds were detected as follows; Salicylic acid, hydroxybenzoic acid, vanillic acid, syringic acid, coumaric acid, and ferulic acid.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.129-134
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• 2019

In a previous study, we isolated 11 different kinds of compounds from ethyl acetate fractions of lees (jubak) which is a by-product of Korean traditional wine production. These compounds were identified as caffeic acid, coumaric acid, D-mannitol, ferulic acid, hesperetin, hesperidin, naringenin, naringin, sinapic acid, syringic acid, and vanilic acid. To evaluate their anti-inflammatory activities in an in vitro model, nitric oxide (NO) production was measured in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells after the treatment of these cells with each compound. Among the various chemicals, hesperetin and naringenin showed the highest inhibition of NO production in the LPS-activated RAW 264.7 cells. Hesperetin was chosen for further study because of its strong anti-inflammatory activity and because the mechanisms underlying its anti-inflammatory properties still remain unclear. Our results showed that hesperetin dramatically inhibited NO production in a dose-dependent manner as compared with in an LPS-only treated group, without affecting cell viability. In addition, hesperetin reduced the protein expression of the pro-inflammatory gene inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in a dose-dependent manner, whereas it did not affect cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression. Furthermore, hesperetin inhibited phosphorylation of p38 mitogen- activated protein kinase (MAPK) and extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2, whereas it did not affect phosphorylation of c-jun N- terminal kinase (JNK). The results indicated that hesperetin regulated the LPS-induced inflammatory response by suppressing p38 MAPK and ERK1/2 signaling. Overall, our results may help to understand the mechanisms underlying the anti-inflammatory activity mediated by hesperetin.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.326-332
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• 1999

In order to develope useful components and to apply in food additives, various components in the leaves of baechohyang were determined according to picking date. Moisture and ash were reached to 74~82%, 1.5~3.4%, respectively, and major sugars were fructose, glucose, sucrose, and maltose. Glutamic, aspartic acid, and leucine constituted the main component amino acids and their contents were relatively higher in the samples of summer and young leaves. Among free amino acids, histidine showed the highest components and methionine were the lowest. Potassium, calcium, and sodium were main mineral components. The content of ascorbic acid were 6.6~9.2mg% and seasonal variations were negligible. Muture leaves contained more polyphenols as much as 108~181mg% and the amount of bound fractions were much more. Periodic evaluation of phenolic compounds were made and major components of bound fractions were caffeic, syringic, and ferulic acid.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.73-77
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• 2005

Contents of isoflavone, phenolic acids, tocopherol, and anthocyanin in black soybean (Glycine max) were measured by HPLC. To compare antioxidative activities of main black soybean components, antioxidative effects of the same levels of commercial standard components were measured by Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity assay (TEAC). Most effective component was gentisic acid followed by anthocyanin, p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid, genistein, syringic acid, and daidzein. TEAC assay results revealed genistein in isoflavone, gentisic acid in phenolic acids, p-tocopherol in tocopherol, and anthocyanin showed highest antioxidative and synergistic acitivities, with anthocyanin showing strongest synergy effect.

• Journal of Korea Foresty Energy
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.11-19
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• 2003

Allelopathic effects of black locust(Robinia pseudoacacia L.) was evaluated through germination tests using 13 different species including R. pseudoacacia itself. The water extract from leaf or root of R. pseudoacacia was separately tested. Seed germination of several species was inhibited in the presence of leaf or root extract, although the level of germination was in a wide range depending on the species. Seed germination of R. pseudoacacia was suppressed by 30 % in its leaf extract. Among tested tree species, Hibiscus syriacus and Alnus frma showed significantly inhibited germination in the root extracts whereas Thuja orientalis exhibited germination inhibition in the leaf extract. HPLC was carried out to identify allelochemicals in extracts of leaf and root using eight authentic phenolic compounds that are known to be responsible for allelopathy. The major phenolic compounds occupying about 40 % of total phenolic acids were gentisic acid in leaves and vanillic acid and syringic acid in roots. The leaves contained 7 times more phenolic acids than the roots. Among 8 tested phenolic compounds vanillin was detected only in roots and coumaric acid in leaves. Consequently, 3 out of 13 species showed significantly inhibited germination due to leaf or root extract. This germination test indicates that the inhibitory allelopathic effect by R. pseudoacacia is caused by chemical interaction not by nutritional competition and that the allelochermicals of black locust act species-specifically. No specific influence of the total amount of phenolic compounds on the allelopathic inhibitory germination and the synergic effect by each phenolic compound may play a role for the allelopathic effect by R. pseudoacacia.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.87 no.2
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• pp.230-238
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• 1998

This study was conducted to compare the regeneration of the seedlings under different vegetation types and to identify the presence of allelopathy in Abies koreana(Ak) natural forest in Banyabong Peak(elevation, 1715m), of Mt. Chiri. Twenty quadrats($10m{\times}10m$) were placed in May, 1996 to classify vegetation structure using TWINSPAN. Water-soluble extracts from leaves and soil humus of different vegetation types were collected to test their effects on both seed germination of Ak and mycelial growth of ectomycorrhizal fungi. Phenolic compounds from soil humus were quantified using HPLC. Among the four vegetation types, Sasa borealis(Sb) was found in both Ak-Quercus mongolica(Qm) and Ak-Rhododendron schlippenbachii(Rs) communities. Natural seeding of Ak was $230,000{\pm}90,000seeds/ha$ in 1995 and their germination rate was 25% in an ideal laboratory condition. Density of Ak seedlings less than 5cm in height was 52,000/ha in 1996, while that of seedlings taller than 5cm in height was only 4,000/ha. In the case of Ak-Qm community, density of Ak seedlings with Sb understory was only 7% of the density of seedlings with Rs understary, suggesting the inhibitory effect of Sb. The germination rate of Ak seeds was significantly reduced by leaf extracts of Sb, and Rhododendron mucronulatum var. ciliatum(Rm) and Ak. Soil humus extract of Ak-Qm-Sb subcommunity reduced germination of Ak seeds by 81% and also reduced by 19% the respiration of mycelia of ectomycorrhizal fumgus, Lactarius sp. Among the seven phenolic compounds identified from the soil humus, extract, Ak-Qm-Sb subcommunity contained significantly high content of p-hydroxybenzoic acid, vanillic acid, and syringic acid. Particularly, p-hydroxybenzoic acid was present at 4.2ppm in the Sb roots and at 16.5ppm in the Sb humus, suggesting that it could be the primary allelopathic compound in Abies koreana forests with Sasa borealis understory.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.112-119
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• 2007

Effects of Oplopanax elatus have known to various pharmaceutical therapies. However, chemical prosperities in the plant are rarely investigated. In order to detect biological activity, we evaluated the antioxidant activity of five fractions from methanolic extracts in each part of O. elatus. Also, contents of polyphenols and polysaccharides were measured. Five fractions were of sub-fractions using n-hexane, ethyl-acetate, n-butanol, and water from methanolic extracts. Ethylacetate and n-butanol fractions from stem and root exhibited strong antioxidant activity and high total phenolics content. On the HPLC analysis, ten free phenolics, including p-hydroxybenzoic acid, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, syringic acid, p-cou maric acid, ferulic acid, naringin, hesperidin, quercetin and trans-cinnamic acid, were identified from the fractions and were shown to different quantitative proportions. Furthermore, ethylacetate and n-butanol fraction had the highest amount of chlorogenic acids, one of the cinnamic acid derivatives possessing pharmacological properties. These results indicated that the fractions of O. elatus, as well as methanolic extracts, could be used as natural antioxidative ingredients.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.119-124
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• 2018

Two triterpenoids, arjunolic acid (1), belleric acid (2), five phenylethanoids, martynoside (3), orobanchoside (4), 3,4-dihydroxyphenethylalcohol-6-O-caffeoyl-${\beta}$-$\text\tiny{D}$-glucoside (5), leucosceptoside B (6), lunariifolioside (7), four phenolic acids, ferulic acid (8), syringic acid (9), vanillic acid (10), 4-hydroxybenzoic acid (11), and one lignan, (+)-syringaresinol-${\beta}$-$\text\tiny{D}$-glucoside (12), were isolated from the roots of P. umbrosa. All isolated compounds were explored for their antioxidant potential in the DPPH and ABTS assays. In DPPH assay, compound 5 showed high antioxidant capacity. Compounds 3, 4, 6, and 7 displayed considerable antioxidant activities. In addition, compounds 5-7 exhibited potential antioxidant capacities in the ABTS assay.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.20 no.5
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• pp.608-613
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• 2013

The physicochemical characteristics and antioxidant capacities of 15 red wines (Cabernet Sauvignon) from the US (5) and Chile (10) were investigated. The contents of soluble solid, reducing sugar, titratable acidity, and $SO_2$ were measured. Antioxidant capacities were examined by DPPH, ORAC assay, and total phenolic contents. In addition, polyphenols composition were analyzed by HPLC. The contents of soluble solid, reducing sugar, and acidities were 7.03~8.6 $^{\circ}Brix$, 2.7~6.7 g/L, and 0.7~0.8%, respectively, and showed no differences between wines from the two countries (p<0.05). The $SO_2$ content of Chile wines was 50% higher than that of US wines (p<0.05). Antioxidant activities by DPPH assay ranged 5.58~9.80 mM and 6.77~9.48 mM in the US and Chile wines, respectively. The ORAC values of the US and Chile wines ranged 2.17~18.08 mM and 4.55~33.77 mM, respectively. The total phenolic content ranged from 1,315 to 2,651 mg/L among the US red wines, and from 1,653 to 2,493 mg/L among Chile red wines. Gallic acid, catechin, syringic acid, p-coumaric acid, quercetin, and kaempferol were identified by HPLC. The polyphenol contents of the Chile red wines were higher than those of the US red wines(p<0.05). There were no differences in the physicochemical characteristics and the antioxidant capacities of the wines from US and Chile, but only in their $SO_2$ and polyphenol contents (p<0.05).