• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.15 no.7
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• pp.282-288
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• 2015

A monte carlo simulation about shielding material and thickness of the syringe shield for radiation shield was performed. As a result of analysis, high atomic number materials such as tungsten, lead and bismuth have the highest shielding effect. However, $^{18}F$, $^{67}Ga$ and $^{111}In$ show high energy distribution in the region with thin shielding thickness. As the thickness of shielding materials increased, the energy distribution decreased due to reduction of ${\gamma}$-ray. In the case of low atomic number materials, they, showed energy distribution from highest to lowest, were barium sulfate, steel, stainless, iron and copper. Aluminum, plastic, concrete and water showed diverse aspect. they showed relatively high energy distribution because of increased ${\gamma}$-ray that penetrate the shield.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Pharmacy
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.59-67
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• 1998

The stability of cytarabine (manufactured by two pharmaceutical companies) in intravenous admixture and in plastic syringe was investigated. The admixures containing cytarabine 0.35, 8.6, and 17.1 mg/ml in $0.9\%\;NaCl\;or\;5\%$ D5W were placed in PVC bags or glass bottles, and the reconstituted cytarabine (50 mg/ml) was placed in plastic syringe. One ml aliquots were withdrawn immediately after each preparation and stored at $4^{\circ}C\;or\;24^{\circ}C$ for 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 14 days unprotected from light. Each sample was tested for pH and visually inspected for precipitation and change in color. Cytarabine concentrations were measured using high-performance liquid chromatography. Neither precipitation nor change in color was noted, and there were no change in pH during 14 days of testing. The changes in cytarabine concentrations were less than $10\%$. In conclusion, cytarabine in IV admixture or plastic syringe was stable for at least 14 days at $4^{\circ}C\;and\;24^{\circ}C.$(Kor. J. Clin. Pharm. 1998; 8(1): 59-67)

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.8-12
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• 2010

Purpose: In $^{18}F$-FDG automated synthesizer, deliver is done in automated mode after synthesis until the dispenser. After the delivery, the yield is calculated from the radioactivity which was read by the dose calibrator located in the dispenser. However, when the distance between the automated synthesizer and the dispenser is far, there are $^{18}F$-FDG residues, which results in loss of the amount of $^{18}F$-FDG. This study investigated the usefulness of a method that minimizes $^{18}F$-FDG residues. Materials and Methods: The structure of the tubing between the (TRACERlab Mx FDG; GE.) and the dispenser is that the distance is 8 m and the internal diameter is 1/16 inch. The synthesis process of The module goes through the synthesis process of trap, synthesis, delivery in the automated module. The time taken for synthesis is about 25 to 26 minutes, after which rinsing is done. However, after rinsing, as the distance of the tubing increased, there were 10~13% of $^{18}F$-FDG residues. Therefore, a method of using push syringe and $N_2$ gas in manual mode to minimize $^{18}F$-FDG residues is analyzed. Results: In manual mode, there were $^{18}F$-FDG residues of 4~5% for the push syringe, and there were $^{18}F$-FDG residues of less than 1% for the $N_2$ gas, which showed that the method using $N_2$ gas had superior usefulness. Also, there were no $^{18}F$-FDG residues in the cleaning the next day. Conclusion: The distance between the synthesizer and the dispenser needs to be reduced as much as possible, to reduce the rate of loss of $^{18}F$-FDG resulting from the distance of the tubing. However, in case the distance between the synthesizer and the dispenser has to be increased due to the system structure, using push syringe and $N_2$ gas simultaneously is a useful method for minimizing $^{18}F$-FDG residues.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.14 no.5
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• pp.669-676
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• 2020

The purpose of this study was to analyze the changes in the values of Hounsfield Unit (HU) according to the changes in monoenergy (keV) and dilution ratio of the contrast agent, using the spectral CT. Spectral CT was used as the testing device, while 20 cc syringe phantom was used to set a total of six dilution ratios of the contrast agent: 8:2, 7:3, 6:4, 5:5, 4:6, and 3:7. Here, the non-ionic iodine solution (350 mg/ml) was used as a contrast agent. The syringe axial image was reconstructed by adjusting the obtained data on nine MonoE levels; 40 keV, 45 keV, 50 keV, 55 keV, 60 keV, 65 keV, 70 keV, 75 keV, and 80 keV. The HU values were measured at the three points of the reconstructed syringe axial image. The measurements were taken 1,620 times in total. In the analysis of the HU values according to the changes in keV and dilution ratio of the contrast agent, the highest and lowest HU values were obtained from dilution ratio 8:2 and dilution ratio 3:7, respectively, across every MonoE in the comparison of HU according to dilution ratio per MonoE (p<0.05), while the highest and lowest HU values were obtained from 40 keV and 80 keV, respectively, across all dilution ratios in the comparison of HU according to MonoE per dilution ratio (p<0.05). For the correlation per each parameter, a negative correlation of -15.014 ± 0.298 was found for HU per keV (R²=0.519) and a negative correlation of -61.372 ± 3.608 was found for HU per dilution ratio (R²=0.152) (p<0.05). To conclude, an increase in keV or dilution ratio of the contrast agent was shown to decrease the HU, and the findings in this study are anticipated to serve as the basic data in the research of HU-related parameters in Spectral CT.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.180-187
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• 2011

Introduction: Eliminating the residual debris and bacteria in the root canal system is one of the main purposes of the endodontic treatment. However, the complexity on the anatomy of the root canal system makes it difficult to eliminate the bacterial biofilm existing along the root canal surface and necrotic pulp tissue by mechanical instrumentation and chemical irrigation. Recently, more effective irrigant delivery systems for root canal irrigation have been developed. The purpose of this review was to present an overview of root canal irrigant delivery techniques and devices available in endodontics. Review: The contents of this paper include as follows; - syringe-needle irrigation, manual dynamic irrigation, brushes - sonic and ultrasonic irrigation, passive ultrasonic irrigation, rotary brush, RinsEndo, EndoVac, Laser Conclusion: Though technological advances during the last decade have brought to fruition new agitation devices that rely on various mechanisms, there are few evidence based study to correlate the clinical efficacy of these devices with improved outcomes except syringe irrigation with needle and ultrasonic irrigation. The clinicians should try their best efforts to deliver antimicrobial and tissue solvent solutions in predictable volumes safely to working length.

• Journal of radiological science and technology
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• v.43 no.2
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• pp.97-103
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• 2020

This study was conducted by SPECT test at the Department of Nuclear Medicine at Daegu P Hospital from June 1 to October 31, 2019. A 3-way injection material was mounted among inpatients, and a syringe that was administered with radiopharmaceuticals using a ^99mTc labeled compound was secured. We tried to find a way to calculate the dose rate of each radiopharmaceutical and increase the dose rate. As a result of measuring the radioactivity of radio-pharmaceuticals using ^99mTc, the average dose rate of 60 syringes of all 6 radiopharmaceuticals was 93.26±7.34%, and the average dose rate of ^99mTc-DMSA was 77.72%, 15.54% lower than the total. As a way to increase the dosing rate, the average dose rate diluted twice with the remaining amount of syringe after administration using normal saline increased to 95.37±6.99%, and the average dose rate diluted three times increased to 96.32±6.86%. The corresponding sample t-test to compare the pre- and post-dose rates at 1 dilution and 2 and 3 dilutions. As a result of the dilution and 2 dilutions, the probability of significance was 0.013, which was significantly higher than the dilution(p<0.05). The probability of significance for dilution 1 and dilution 3 was 0.016, which was significantly higher than in one dilution(p<0.05). The sum of the average dose rate using the experimental 3-way line was the highest with 98.85±1.42% of ^99mTc, ^99mTc-ECD 98.82±1.26%, ^99mTc-Mebrofenin 98.82 ± 1.16%, ^99mTc-HDP 98.74 ± 1.91%, ^99mTc -MIBI was 98.69 ± 1.48%, and ^99mTc-DMSA was the lowest with 86.47 ± 4.74%. When the number of dilutions was 5 times using 0.5 cc of normal saline and when the number of dilutions was 5 times using 1 cc of normal saline, when the number of dilutions was 5 times using 0.5 cc of normal saline and 1 cc of nomal saline When the number of dilutions was 5 times and the syringe volume was 0.5 cc, there was a statistically significant difference (p<0.05). There was a statistically significant difference when the number of dilutions was 5 times using 1 cc of nomal saline and the number of dilutions was 5 times using 1 cc of normal saline, and the syringe volume was 0.5 cc (p<0.05).

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.268-273
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• 2013

This study aims to investigate contamination level and effective clinical disinfection methods of dental air/water syringes (AWS) by using microbial incubation. This study used AWS of ten dental unit chairs of Hospital. Total 180 samples were obtained. There are six groups of samples: non-sterilized (group 1), sanitized with wet-gauze (group 2), sanitized with 78% ethanol sponge for 10 seconds (group 3), sanitized with 78% ethanol sponge for 20 seconds (group 4), sanitized with 1 : 100 diluted High Level Disinfectant$^{(R)}$ (group 5), autoclaved (group 6). Group 1 and 2 showed statistically significant level of CFUs than Group 4, 5 and 6 (p < 0.05). Group 4, 5 and 6 did not show any noticeable CFU. Sanitizing AWS tips with ethanol and High level Disinfectant$^{(R)}$ proves to be a useful and practical method for preventing cross-infections.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.42 no.1
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• pp.39-42
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• 2019

Tetanus is an acute, often fatal, and infectious disease of all species of domestic animals caused by the neurotoxin of Clostridium tetani (C. tetani). This disease is usually known to develop after microbial contamination in the deep or penetrating wound sites. In February 2017, a farmer who was raising 76 cows injected foot and mouth disease vaccine to three or more cows with one syringe. Their clinical symptoms were observed 2 to 16 days after the vaccination. The initial symptoms were stiffness, rigidity of the neck and limbs, pricked ears, and prolapse of the third eyelid. Subsequently, there was recumbency with extension of the limbs, convulsions and opistotonus and the affected 20 cows were all died. Two dead cows were submitted to Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency for disease diagnosis. At necropsy, a focal edematous abscess of 15 to 20 cm in diameter was grossly observed in the subcutaneous and intramuscular tissue of scapular region and filled with a large amount of greenish pus. The feed was full in oral cavity and slightly observed in the trachea and lobes of lung. Histopathologically, focal granulomatous nodules with eosinophilic materials in the tissue were observed. In the lung, aspiration pneumonia and gram (+) bacteria were seen. The C. tetani was isolated in samples anaerobically cultured using reinforced clostridial medium and identified by PCR. To our knowledge, no previous outbreak of tetanus in cattle has affected such a high number of animals; neither has it been associated with misuse of the same syringe and needle to administer multiple individuals.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.17 no.5
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• pp.701-707
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• 2023

In PET/CT, the injection volume of ¹⁸F-FDG directly affects the SUV(standard uptake value), which can affect the reading results. Therefore, it is important to inject the correct dose value of ¹⁸F-FDG. In this study, we performed the correlation between the residual radioactivity remaining in the syringe and catheter insertion device according to the number of flushing during ¹⁸F-FDG injection. CRC-25R dose calibrator, catheter insertion devices, 3 cc syringes and 50 cc physiological saline were used in this study, and the results were statistically analyzed. As a result, the total residual radioactivity of the syringe and catheter insertion device remained the highest at 5.84% after two flushing, and the least remained at 1.49% after five flushing. The correlation analysis results showed that the number of flushing had a negative correlation with the residual radioactivity of the syringe at -0.436 and the catheter insertion device at -0.300. As a result of one-way distributed analysis of the average according to the number of flushing, the syringe showed a significant decrease at 4 times, and the catheter insertion device showed a significant decrease at 5 times. However, considering that an average of 0.8% remains in the case of catheter insertion devices, four time flushing seems to be the most appropriate.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Precision Engineering Conference
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• 2013.05a
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• pp.875-876
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• 2013