• Journal of Haehwa Medicine
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.793-825
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• 1999

For the development of drugs for alzheimer,s disease, the study was done to review the oriental pathology, clinical data, recent trends for research and strategy for future study. The results were as follows: 1. The medical term Chi-dsi implying alzheimer,s disease was referred for the first time in a medical book, Hwatasheneubijeon written by Hwa-Ta and its differentiation and treatment were studied more in Ming or Ching dynasties. Chi-dai can be differentated as weak(虛) syndrome and Shi(實) syndrome. This can be caused by deficiencies of renal Yin, renal Yang, cardiac Yin and hepatic blood, while that by deficiencies of pathological fluid(痰飮) and clotted blood(瘀血). 2. Dementia can be roughly classified as alzheimer's disease and multi-infarct disease. Its causes were known to be cholinergic transmitter, C-peptide, amyloid-${\beta}$, apolipoprotein, APP(amyloid precursor protein), TGF, MMP-9 and free radical. 3. In Korea experimental studies were chiefly done for the elimataion of C-peptide, amyloid-${\beta}$, apolipoprotein, APP for alzheimer's disease, for the development of drug inhibiting degerative change following CVA and loss of memory and also administrative measure was done by support of government. 4. Drugs of dimentia developed so far were Chi-Dai dan, extracts from aloe, mushroom, green tea, Ganoderma and also folic acid, vitamin C, DHEA and silk amino acid were reported to be effective in dimenta. 5. Future strategic research had better be done on dementia-inducing factors such as acetylcholine, C-peptide, amyloid-${\beta}$, apolipoprotein, APP, TGF, MMP-9 and free radical, development of animal model for dimentia, clinical study, epidemiology, nursing and administrative studies and also consortium for dimentia research should be formed so that repeated investment be avoided.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.1-10
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• 2015

This article is a study on palpitation of which disease cause, disease mechanism and formulas were analyzed with reference to annotations on "Shanghanlun" and "Jinkuiyaolue". And the scope of modern diseases related with palpitation was drawn by research on clinical papers. The source books are "Zhujieshanghanlun" and "Jinkuiyaoluefanglun" and the clinical papers are searched in China Academic Journals(CAJ) of China National Knowledge Infrastructure(CNKI). 13 clauses in "Shanghanlun" and 9 clauses in "Jinkuiyaolue" and 12 formulas are related with palpitation. Disease mechanisms of palpitation were classified as yang deficiency, yin deficiency, qi deficiency, blood deficiency, retained fluid, cold, etc and these days, qi stagnation, phlegm turbidity, blood stasis and fire heat are also considered as disease mechanisms. Modern diseases related with palpitation are arrhythmia(extrasystole, atrial fibrillation, bradycardia, tachycardia, sick sinus syndrome, atrioventricular block), vascular diseases(arterial occlusion, phlebothrombosis, Buerger's disease, coronary artery disease, vasculitis), blood pressure disorder(hypertension, hypotension) and heart diseases such as heart failure, angina pectoris, myocardial infarction, myocarditis, cardiomyopathy, pericardial effusion. And diseases related with psychological change(cardiac neurosis, anxiety neurosis, neurosis, depression, hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism), pyrexia, anemia, drug intoxication, etc are also related with palpitation. Zhen Wu Tang showing an efficacy in dilating blood vessels and strengthening cardiac function, Wuling Powder with diuretic effect and Fried Glycyrrhizae Decoction acting on the ${\beta}$ receptor are applied to heart failure in different ways. Fried Glycyrrhizae Decoction(308 cases), Zhen Wu Tang(154), Wuling Powder(54), Xiao Chaihu Tang(34), Sini San(20) are reported to have been clinically applied to cardiovascular diseases and Zhen Wu Tang and Wuling Powder mainly applied to heart failure, Fried Glycyrrhizae Decoction, Lizhong Wan, Sini San and Zhen Wu Tang chiefly applied to arrhythmia related diseases. This study focuses on the general research and consideration on clinical applications and is a preliminary study to understand relations between Korean Medicine's symptoms and categories of modern diseases.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.48 no.3
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• pp.245-254
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• 2021

Objective: In humans, polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is an androgen-dependent ovarian disorder. Aberrant gene expression in folliculogenesis can arrest the transition of preantral to antral follicles, leading to PCOS. We explored the possible role of altered gene expression in preantral follicles of estradiol valerate (EV) induced polycystic ovaries (PCO) in a mouse model. Methods: Twenty female balb/c mice (8 weeks, 20.0±1.5 g) were grouped into control and PCO groups. PCO was induced by intramuscular EV injection. After 8 weeks, the animals were killed by cervical dislocation. Blood serum (for hormonal assessments using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay technique) was aspirated, and ovaries (the right ovary for histological examinations and the left for quantitative real-time polymerase) were dissected. Results: Compared to the control group, the PCO group showed significantly lower values for the mean body weight, number of preantral and antral follicles, serum levels of estradiol, luteinizing hormone, testosterone, and follicle-stimulating hormone, and gene expression of TGFB1, GDF9 and BMPR2 (p<0.05). Serum progesterone levels were significantly higher in the PCO animals than in the control group (p<0.05). No significant between-group differences (p>0.05) were found in BMP6 or BMP15 expression. Conclusion: In animals with EV-induced PCO, the preantral follicles did not develop into antral follicles. In this mouse model, the gene expression of TGFB1, GDF9, and BMPR2 was lower in preantral follicles, which is probably related to the pathologic conditions of PCO. Hypoandrogenism was also detected in this EV-induced murine PCO model.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.29 no.8
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• pp.1316-1323
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• 2019

Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) is a newly emerging coronavirus which is zoonotic from bats and camels. Its infection in humans can be fatal especially in patients with preexisting conditions due to smoking and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Among the 25 proteins encoded by MERS-CoV, 5 accessory proteins seem to be involved in viral evasion of the host immune responses. Here we report that ORF4a, ORF4b, and ORF8b proteins, alone or in combination, effectively antagonize nuclear factor kappa B ($NF-{\kappa}B$) activation. Interestingly, the inhibition of $NF-{\kappa}B$ by MERS-CoV accessory proteins was mostly at the level of pattern recognition receptors: melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 (MDA5). ORF4a and ORF4b additively inhibit MDA5-mediated activation of $NF-{\kappa}B$ while that of retinoic acid-inducible gene 1 (RIG-I) is largely not perturbed. Of note, ORF8b was found to be a novel antagonist of MDA5-mediated $NF-{\kappa}B$ activation. In addition, ORF8b also strongly inhibits Tank-binding kinase 1 (TBK1)-mediated induction of $NF-{\kappa}B$ signaling. Taken together, MERS-CoV accessory proteins are involved in viral escape of $NF-{\kappa}B$-mediated antiviral immune responses.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.83 no.1
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• pp.70-83
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• 2022

Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) is mainly caused by atherosclerotic coronary artery disease (CAD); however, it can also occur in patients with non-atherosclerotic CAD. Conventional coronary angiography only shows the lumen of arteries, indicating the presence of stenosis or dilatation. Thus, it has limited value in evaluating the coronary artery wall and offers low specificity for diagnosing CAD. Coronary CT angiography provides additional information, including the depiction of the concerned vessel and the aorta, as well as the pulmonary artery, which permits the diagnosis of non-atherosclerotic CAD and the differentiation of various causes of the disease. In this review, we present the pathophysiology and CT imaging features of non-atherosclerotic CAD.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.215-229
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• 2004

Objective : We had a clinical report in headache but didn't in migraine. We have planned this study in order to get the basic data of migraine in oriental medicine. Methods : The patient of 36 in migraine checked sex, age, onset, family history, severity of pain, influences of life, induced cause, clinical pain characteristics, associated symptom, treatment style, and prescription, frequency, using period of analgesics by a questionnaire and differentiated syndromes in migraine and evaluated autonomic bioelectric response recorder(ABR-2000). Results : There are 23.4% in prevalence rate of migraine. The ratio of sex is M:F=1:17. The age of an attack is the highest in thirties. The patient are the most in forties. The mean duration of illness is $12.0{\pm}9.9$ years. 83.4% had a family history. 61.1% had a moderate grade in severity of pain. 77.8% selected fatigue in induced cause of migraine. 69.4% had tingling sense, nausea and vomiting in the associated symptoms. 91.7% used analgesics for treatment and 51.5% of them used analgesics voluntarily. 61.9% of them take analgesics less than once in a week. 33.6% had the phlegm syncope headache in differentiation of syndrome. In ABR-2000 results, item of graph showed low tendency mostly. Conclusions : We expected that this report of clinical progress, differentiation of syndromes and ABR-2000 results in migraine would be used basic data by oriental medicine to treat migraine.

• Korean Journal of Oriental Medicine
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• v.13 no.2 s.20
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• pp.53-58
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• 2007

Background and Purpose : The purpose of this study was to investigate that which symptoms are adequate indicator of the Dampness-Phlegm pattern in the stroke patients. Methods : In the time period Jul. 2005 to Sep. 2006, 136 patients with a first-ever stroke admitted in the department of Internal Medicine of Daejeon University Oriental Medical Hospital in Daejeon city, Wonkwang Oriental Medical Hospital in Iksan, JeonJu city were included. Patients were hospitalized within 3 months after the onset of stroke. Stroke patients had been interviewed by resident who studied standard operation procedures in Fundamental Study for Standardization and Objectification of Differentiation and Pattern Identification of Syndrome of Oriental Medicine for Stroke. Gi-deficiency patients was confirmed by medical specialist diagnosis, resident diagnosis, case report form analysis without a dissenting voice. Results : Dampness-Phlegm group included 37 case, Non Dampness-Phlegm group 45 case out of 136 patients. white tongue coating, slippery purse, yellowish complexion, enlarged tongue, swollen tongue were higher among Dampness-Phlegm group. Dampness-Phlegm and Non Dampness-Phlegm patients do not significantly differ in heavy sensation in the head, voice with sputum, teeth printed tongue, borborygmus, dizziness with nausea. Conclusions : This study was insufficiency because sample size is very small. More data from prospective cohort studies will help to Korean Standard Differentiation of the Symptoms and Signs for the Stroke.

• Animal Bioscience
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• v.35 no.5
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• pp.763-777
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• 2022

Objective: Excessive lipid accumulation in adipocytes results in prevalence of obesity and metabolic syndrome. Curcumin (CUR), a naturally phenolic active ingredient, has been shown to have lipid-lowering effects. However, its underlying mechanisms have remained largely unknown. Therefore, the study aims to determine the effect of CUR on cellular lipid accumulation in porcine subcutaneous preadipocytes (PSPA) and to clarify novel mechanisms. Methods: The PSPA were cultured and treated with or without CUR. Both cell counting Kit-8 and lactate dehydrogenase release assays were used to examine cytotoxicity. Intracellular lipid contents were measured by oil-red-o staining extraction and triglyceride quantification. Apoptosis was determined by flow cytometry and the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate-nick end labelling assay. Adipogenic and apoptosis genes were analyzed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction and Western blot. Results: The CUR dose-dependently reduced the proliferation and lipid accumulation of PSPA. Noncytotoxic doses of CUR (10 to 20 μM) significantly inhibited extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) phosphorylation and expression of adipogenic genes peroxisome proliferation-activity receptor-γ (PPAR-γ), CCAAT/enhancer binding protein-α, sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c, adipocyte protein-2, glucose transporter-4 as well as key lipogenic enzymes fatty acid synthase and acetyl-CoA carboxylase, while ERK1/2 activation significantly reversed CUR-reduced lipid accumulation by increasing PPAR-γ. Furthermore, compared with differentiation induced media treated cells, higher dose of CUR (30 μM) significantly decreased the expression of AKT and B-cell lymphoma-2 (BCL-2), while increased the expression of BCL-2-associated X (BAX) and the BAX/BCL-2 expression ratio, suggesting triggered apoptosis by inactivating AKT and increasing BAX/BCL-2 ratio and Caspase-3 expression. Moreover, AKT activation significantly rescued CUR inhibiting lipid accumulation via repressing apoptosis. Conclusion: These results demonstrate that CUR is capable of suppressing differentiation by inhibiting ERK1/2-PPAR-γ signaling pathway and triggering apoptosis via decreasing AKT and subsequently increasing BAX/BCL-2 ratio and Caspase-3, suggesting that CUR provides an important method for the reduction of porcine body fat, as well as the prevention and treatment of human obesity.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Laboratory Science
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• v.55 no.4
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• pp.284-290
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• 2023

Adefovir dipivoxil (ADV) is used for the treatment of hepatitis and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, but long-term use can cause osteoporosis. In this study, the effect of ADV on the osteocyte maturation process was evaluated at the level of undifferentiated cells using mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and osteoblasts (MG63). First, MSCs and MG63 cells were treated with ADV at different concentrations, and then a Cell Counting Kit-8 analysis was performed to determine the effect on the proliferation of each cell. Additionally, crystal violet and Hoechst staining were performed for the morphological analysis of each cell and nucleus. To determine the cause of cell hypertrophy, the transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) expression was investigated, and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) staining and activity were measured to determine the degree of differentiation of the MSCs and MG63 cells into mature osteocytes. The results confirmed that the ADV increases the expression of TGF-β in MSCs and MG63 cells, causing cellular and nuclear hypertrophy, and can cause osteoporosis by inhibiting cell proliferation and affecting the differentiation of mature osteocytes. Therefore, it is believed that these results can be used as a basis for understanding the adverse effects of ADV at a cytological level in basic medicine and clinical research.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.24 no.5
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• pp.727-736
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• 2010

This study is about researching mechanistic pattern identification of disease for DongEuiBoGam NaeGyungPyen by analysing with pattern identification of modern Traditional Korean medical patholgy as more logical, systematic and standardized theory. Disease pattern mechanisms of uterine, urine and excrements parts of DongEuiBoGam NaeGyun gPyen in NaeGyungPyen of DongEuiBoGam are these. Menstrual irregularities in DongEuiBoGam can be classified flui d-humor depletion, blood deficiency, qi deficiency, qi stagnation, qi stagnation complicated by heat, blood stasis, blood deficiency complicated by heat, syndrome of heat entering blood chamber, syndrome of cold entering blood chamber. The disease pattern of abdominal pain after menstruation in DongEuiBoGam is blood deficiency complicated by heat, and a dysmenorrhea represents blood stasis with heat, fluid-humor deficiency. Advanced menstruation represent dual heat of the qi and blood, delayed menstruation is blood deficiency. The disease pattern of inhibited urination in DongEuiBoGam can be classified deficiency heat pattern of kidney yin deficiency(yin deficiency with effulgent fire), kidney qi deficiency, yin deficiency with yang hyperactivity, fluid-humor depletion, spleen-stomach dual deficiency, and excess he at pattern of bladder excess heat. The disease pattern of urinary incontinence in DongEuiBoGam can be classified deficiency pattern of kidney-bladder qi deficiency, consumptive disease, lung qi deficiency, kidney yin deficiency(yin deficiency with effulgent fire), kidney yang deficiency and excess pattern of lower energizer blood amassment, bladder excess heat. And most of them are deficiency from deficiency-excess Pattern Identification. The disease pattern of diarrhea in DongEuiBoGam can be classified deficiency pattern of qi deficiency, qi fall, spleen yang deficiency, kidney yang deficiency and so on and excess pattern of wind-cold-summerheat-dampness-fire, phlegm-fluid retention, dietary irregularities, qi movement stagnation. And most of them are deficiency from deficiency-excess Pattern Identification. Like these, this study identify pattern of disease in DongEuiBoGam by mechanism of disease theory.