• Korean Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.15-24
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• 2003

Objectives: The object of this study was to compare perceived stress and quality of life among patients with HIV infection, patients with pulmonary tuberculosis and normal controls. Methods: Stress response inventory(SRI) and Symptom checklist 90-Revised(SCL-90-R) were used to measure perceived stress responses and psychopathology. Smithklein Beecham quality of life scale was used to measure quality of life. Results: Patients with HIV infection scored significantly higher on scores of tension, anger, depression, fatigue and frustration subscale of the SRI than those with pulmonary tuberculosis and normal controls. Scores of the SCL-90-R, somatization, depression, anxiety, hostility, phobic anxiety, paranoid ideation and psychoticism subscale were also significantly higher in patients with HIV infection than those with pulmonary tuberculosis and normal controls. Patients with HIV infection scored significantly lower in quality of life than those with pulmonary tuberculosis. In patients with HIV infection, age had a significantly negative correlation with scores of somatization, obsessive-compulsive, interpersonal sensitivity, phobic anxiety, paranoid ideation and psychoticism subscale of the SCL-90-R. but the level of education had a significantly positive correlation with somatization, obsessive-compulsive, interpersonal sensitivity, phobic anxiety, paranoid ideation and psychoticism subscale of the SCL-90-R. Conclusion: The results suggest that patients with HIV positive were likely to have higher levels of perceived stress response and psychopathology, and lower quality of life than those with pulmonary tuberculosis and normal controls.

• Korean Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.120-129
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• 2002

Objectives : The object of this study was to compare perceived stress and quality of life among patients with HIV infection, patients with pulmonary tuberculosis and normal controls Methods: Stress Response Inventory(SRI) and Symptom checklist 90-Revised(SCL-90-R) were used to measure perceived stress responses and psychopathology. Smithklein Beecham quality of life scale was used to measure quality of life. Results : Patients with HIV infection scored significantly higher on scores of tension, anger, depression, fatigue and frustration subscale of the SRI than those with pulmonary tuberculosis and normal controls. Scores of the SCL-90-R, somatization, depression, anxiety, hostility, phobic anxiety, paranoid ideation and psychoticism subscale were also significantly higher in patients with HIV infection than those with pulmonary tuberculosis and normal controls. Patients with HIV infection scored significantly lower in quality of life than those with pulmonary tuberculosis. In patients with HIV infection, age had a significantly negative correlation with scores of somatization, obsessive-compulsive, interpersonal sensitivity, phobic anxiety, paranoid ideation and psychoticism sub scale of the SCL-90-R. but the level of education had a significantly positive correlation with somatization, obsessive-compulsive, interpersonal sensitivity, phobic anxiety, paranoid ideation and psychoticism sub scale of the SCL-90-R. Conclusion : The results suggest that patients with HIV positive were likely to have higher levels of perceived stress response and psychopathology, and lower quality of life than those with pulmonary tuberculosis and normal controls.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.24 no.6
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• pp.133-138
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• 2010

This study is aimed to investigate the relationship between job-related stressor, problem solving style and psychological distress and the effects of job-related stress and problem solving style on psychological distress of firefighters. The Job-related Stress Scale, Problem Solving Style Questionnaire, and the Symptom Checklist-Revised (SCL-90-R) were administered to 148 firefighters working in Seoul and Gyounggi. Correlation analysis revealed that job-related stress, problem-solving styles such as helplessness and problem-solving control correlated positively with psychological distress and that problem-solving confidence and approaching style correlated negatively with it. Multiple regression analysis showed that job-related negative cognition and emotion, helplessness and approaching style accounted for 43% of the variance in the psychological distress. Among problem-solving styles, helplessness had the highest predictive power for psychological distress. Self-reported helplessness is an important determinant of firefighters' reactions to problematic situations encountered in their job.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.116-124
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• 2017

Purpose: Burning mouth syndrome (BMS) is a disabling pain that mostly occurs in elderly women, but rarely in men. It is characterized by an unremitting oral burning sensation and pain without detectable oral mucosal changes. We investigated the clinical and hematologic features of middle-aged men with BMS, and compared the results to those of men with oral mucositis. Methods: Five men with BMS ($48.60{\pm}6.19years$) and five age-matched controls with oral mucositis ($49.80{\pm}15.26years$) underwent clinical and psychological evaluations and blood tests. Psychological status was evaluated using the Symptom Checklist-90-Revised. Cortisol, estradiol, progesterone, testosterone, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), and antidiuretic hormone (ADH) levels and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) were determined from the blood samples. Results: ADH level was significantly lower in men with BMS than in the controls. ADH levels correlated with testosterone (p<0.01), and ACTH levels strongly correlated with ESR (p<0.05). Progesterone level positively correlated with FSH and LH levels. Pain intensity on a visual analogue scale correlated with estradiol level only in men with BMS. Among psychological factors, the obsessive-compulsive disorder, interpersonal-sensitivity, and anxiety scores were higher in men with BMS than in the controls (p<0.05). However, no correlations were observed between the psychological and hematologic factors in both groups. The BMS symptoms presented only on the tongue, with the lateral border being the most prevalent area. Conclusions: Men with BMS may experience dysregulated endocrinologic or psychoneuroendocrinologic interactions, which might affect oral BMS symptoms, aggravating the severity of the burning sensation.

• Korean Medical Education Review
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.26-37
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• 2016

This study aimed to investigate the relationship among the cultural disposition, morality, and psychological health of medical students to determine how these factors might relate to curriculum planning in medical education. Data was collected from a total of 186 medical students. The questionnaire used included the individual cultural disposition scale, the symptom checklist-90-revised, and the defining issues test. To evaluate individual cultural disposition, we classified students into four categories-low, individual, collective, or mixed cultural disposition-using individualism/collectivism and vertical/horizontal dimensions. We found that those who were younger and in earlier academic years had higher collectivism than individualism and the males had higher individualism than the females. There was no difference in morality or psychological health by the students' sex, age, or academic year. Horizontal collectivism and moral judgment showed a statistically significant correlation (r=0.150, p<0.05), as did stage 6 morality and symptoms of damaged psychological health (r=-0.156, p<0.05). Other than these relationships, no significant correlations between cultural disposition and morality or between morality and psychological health were found. Cultural disposition did have correlations with various aspects of psychological health; specifically, the highest correlation coefficients were found in the relationships between phobic anxiety and horizontal individualism, psychoticism and vertical collectivism, and hostility and horizontal collectivism. The four cultural disposition categories showed relationships not with morality but with psychological health factors including depression, anxiety, hostility, and phobic anxiety. We hope the results of this study can be used to improve the curriculum of medical education.

• Anxiety and mood
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.68-76
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• 2019

Objective : The goal of this study was to investigate the characteristics of early maladaptive schemas (EMSs), and associated neurocognitive functions as seen in visitors for military designation process. Methods : This retrospective study included 111 males aged 18 to 24 years among three groups: 41 visitors for military designation process (VMD), 21 patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), and 49 healthy subjects. We collected the results of the Young Schema Questionnaire, Symptom Checklist-90-Revised, three neurocognitive tests as well as their clinicodemographic data. We analyzed the differences in EMSs between these three groups, and the correlations among the identified EMSs and neurocognitive performances within the VMD group. Results : Compared with both the OCD and healthy groups, the evaluation of the VMD group showed significantly higher scores in mistrust/abuse (F=6.4, p=0.002), vulnerability to harm (F=6.6, p<0.0001) and negativity/pessimism schema (F=7.3, p<0.0001), even when controlling for depression scores and levels of education. These three schemas also exhibited significant negative correlations with the score of Stroop test with r ranging from -0.34 to -0.44. Conclusion : These findings suggest that people who are likely to have difficulties adjusting to living in a military life may have psychological vulnerabilities related to certain EMSs. Further studies are warranted to test the clinical potentials of these findings, such as a treatment target and a predictor factor.

• Korean Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.78-91
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• 2002

Objective : The purpose of this study was to develop the somatization rating scale (SRS), and then to use the scale in clinical pracitice. Methods: First, a preliminary survey was conducted for 109 healthy adults to obtain 40 response items. Second, a preliminary questionnaire was completed by 215 healthy subjects. Third, a comparison was made regarding somatization responses among 242 patients (71 with anxiety disorder. 73 with depressive disorder, 47 with somatoform disorder, and 51 with psychosomatic disorder) and 215 healthy subjects. Results : Factor analysis yielded 5 subscales : cardiorespiratory and nervous responses, somatic sensitivity, gastrointestinal responses, general somatic responses, genitourinary, eye and muscular responses. Reliability was computed by administering the SRS to 62 healthy subjects during a 2-week interval. Test-retest reliability for 5 subscales and the total score was significantly high, ranging between .86-.94. Internal consistency was computed, and Cronbach's ${\alpha}$ for 5 subscales ranged between .72-.92, and .95 for the total score. Convergent validity was computed by correlating the 5 subscales and the total score with the total score of the global assessment of recent stress (GARS) scale, the perceived stress questionnaire (PSQ), and the symptom checklist-90-revised (SCL-90-R). The correlations were all at significant levels. Discriminant validity was computed by comparing the total score and the 5 subscale scores of the patient and control groups. Significant differences were found for 5 subscales and the total score. Only the depressive disorder group was siginificantly higher than control group in all the subscale scores and total scores of SRS among 4 patient groups. In somatic sensitivity, only depressive disorder patients were significantly higher than the normal controls, whereas in general somatic subscale, depressive disorder and somatoform disorder groups were significantly higher than the normal controls. In total scores of the SRS, female subjects were significantly higher than males. Conclusion : These results indicate that the SRS is highly reliable and valid, and that it can be utilized as an effective measure for research in stress- and somatization-related fields. The depressive disorder and somatoform disorder groups showed more widespread somatization than the anxiety and psychosomatic disorder groups.

• Sleep Medicine and Psychophysiology
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.84-88
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• 2012

Introduction: The objective of the present study was to investigate the independent effects of major depressive disorder (MDD) and insomnia on somatization, respectively. Methods: A total of 181 participants (73 males and 108 females ; mean age $41.59{\pm}8.92$) without serious medical problem were recruited from a community and a psychiatric clinic in Republic of Korea. Subjects were divided into 4 groups based on the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV axis I disorder (SCID-IV) and sleep questionnaire : 1) normal controls (n=127), 2) primary insomnia (n=11), 3) MDD without insomnia (n=14), and 4) MDD with insomnia (n=29). All participants were requested to complete the somatization subscores of the Symptom Checklist-90-Revised (SCL-90-R). Results: There were significant between-group differences in somatization score (F=25.30, p<0.001). Subjects with both MDD and insomnia showed higher somatization score compared to normal control (p<0.001), subjects with primary insomnia (p=0.01), or MDD subjects without insomnia (p<0.001). Subjects with primary insomnia had higher somatization score than normal controls (p<0.01), while there was no significant difference between MDD subjects without insomnia and normal controls. In multiple regression, presence of insomnia predicted higher somatization score (beta=0.44, p<0.001), while there was only non-significant association between MDD and somatization (beta=0.14, p=0.08). Conclusion: In the current study, insomnia was associated with somatization independently from major depression. Subjects with primary insomnia showed higher somatization. Within MDD patients, presence of insomnia was related to higher somatization. Our finding suggests that insomnia may partly mediate the relationship between depression and somatization.

• Korean Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.26-41
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• 1999

The perceived stress response inventory(PSRI) was developed to measure 4 types of current stress responses : emotional, somatic, cognitive, and behavioral responses. 242 patients with psychiatric disorders(71 patients with anxiety disorders, 73 patients with depressive disorders, 47 patients with somatoform disorders, 51 patients with psychosomatic disorders) and 215 healthy subjects completed the questionnaire including the PSRI. Global assessment of recent stress(GARS) scale, perceived stress questionnaire(PSQ) and symptom checklist-90-revised(SCL-90-R) were also administered at the same time. Factor analysis for each of 4 types of stress responses yielded 8 factors : negative emotional responses, general somatic symptoms, specific somatic symptoms, lowered cognitive function and general negative thinking, self-depreciative thinking, impulsive-aggressive thinking, passive-responsive and careless behavior, and impulsive-aggressive behavior. Both test-restest reliability(r= .83 -.93) and internal consistency(Cronbach's alpha : .79 -.96 for each of 8 subscales and .98 for total items of the scale) were all at statistically significant levels. Total scores of the PSRI significantly correlated with total scores of GARS scale, PSQ, and global indicies of SCL-90-R, respectively. The patient group had significantly higher scores than healthy subjects in each of all the subscales except impulsive-aggressive behavior subscale. These results suggest that the PSRI is a reliable and valid tool stable over time which may be effectively used for the research in stress-related field including psychosomatic medicine.

• Korean Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.23-29
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• 2004

The objective of this study was to make a comparison on anger level between patients with coronary artery diseases and healthy individuals. 233 patients with coronary artery diseases and 215 normal controls were enrolled in this study. The Anger Expression Scale, the anger and aggression subscales of the Stress Response Inventory(SRI) and the hostility subscale of the Symptom Checklist-90-revised(SCL-90-R) were used to assess the level of anger. The patients with coronary artery diseases scored significantly higher on the anger-out and anger total subscales of the anger expression scale, the anger and aggression subscales of the SRI than the normal controls. The patients with angina pectoris had significantly higher scores in the anger-out and anger-total subscale than those with myocardial infarction. Male subjects scored significantly higher on the anger-in subscale than females, whereas female subjects scored significantly higher on the anger-out subscale than male subjects. These results suggest that patients with coronary artery diseases are likely to have a higher level of anger or anger expression than normal controls and that there may be difference in anger expression between male and female patients. It is emphasized that anger management is needed to prevent the coronary artery disease patients from aggravating the illness.