• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제13권11호
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• pp.1529-1535
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• 2000

The aim of the present study was to determine whether brain corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) and a new peptide, urocortin (UCN) have a direct action in brain mechanisms controlling feed, water and salt intake in sheep. We gave a continuous intracerebroventricular (ICV) infusion of the peptide at a small dose of $5{\mu}g/0.2ml/hr$ for 98.5 hrs from day 1 to day 5 in sheep not exposed to stress. Feed and water intake during ICV infusion of CRF or UCN decreased significantly compared to those during artificial cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) infusion. NaCl intake during infusion of CRF or UCN was the same as that during CSF infusion. Mean carotid arterial blood pressure (MAP) and heart rate during ICV infusion of CRF or UCN were not significantly different from that during CSF infusion. On the other hand, the plasma glucose concentration during ICV infusion of CRF or UCN tended to be higher than that during CSF infusion. These observations indicate that decreased feed intake induced by CRF and UCN infusion is not mediated by the activation of both the pituitary-adrenal axis and the sympathetic nervous system. The results suggested that brain CRF and UCN act directly in brain mechanisms controlling ingestive behavior to decrease feed and water intake, but do not alter salt intake in sheep.

• 대한의용생체공학회:의공학회지
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• 제33권3호
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• pp.141-147
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• 2012

In this paper, we have investigated effects of two specific meditations (Chinese qigong meditation and Kundalini yoga meditation) on the heart rate variability (HRV), which is a well-known quantitative measure of autonomic balance, of skilled students. To analyze the effects, the MIT/BIH physionet database was utilized. The database includes RR intervals of eight skilled Chinese qigong meditators (5 women and 3 men; age range 26-35) and four skilled Kundalini yoga meditators (2 women and 2 men; age range 20-52). RR intervals of each subject were measured before and during the meditations. For HRV analysis, we have used typical four HRV parameters - the low frequency to high frequency power ratio (LF/HF ratio), SD2/SD1 ratio, sample entropy, and fractal dimension. The LF/HF ratio was calculated by the autoregressive spectrum and the SD2/SD1 ratio was derived from the Poincar$\grave{e}$ plot. The sample entropy was computed from the phase space plot and the fractal dimension was estimated by the Higuchi's algorithm. In the experiments, the Wilcoxon signed rank test was employed because we used small datasets and compared HRV parameters before and during the meditations. As a result, we have found increment of the LF/HF and SD2/SD1 ratios in both meditations; whereas the sample entropy is decreased during the meditations. In addition, the fractal dimension is increased during the Chinese qigong meditation; whereas it is decreased during the Kundalini yoga meditation. The results show that the sympathetic nervous system is generally more activated in skilled Chinese qigong and Kundalini yoga meditators, but the activation of the parasympathetic nervous tone is suppressed.

• 한국감성과학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국감성과학회 1998년도 추계학술발표 논문집
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• pp.225-229
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• 1998

The purpose of the current study was comparative analysis of autonomic and electrocortical responses to passive and active touch of the tektites with different subjective emotional preference. Perspective goal of the project is development of a template for classification of tactile stimuli according to subjective comfort and associated physiological manifestations. The study was carried out on 36 female college students. Physiological signals were acquired by Grass and B10PAC 100 systems with AcqKnowledge III software. Frontal, parietal and occipital EEG (relative power spectrum /percents/ of EEG bands - delta, theta, slow and fast alpha, low and fast beta), and autonomic variables, namely heart rate (HR), respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA), pulse transit time (PTT), respiration rate (RSP) and skin conductance parameters (SCL, amplitude, rise time and number of SCRs) were analyzed for rest baseline and stimulation conditions. Analysis of the overall pattern of reaction indicated that autonomic response to tactile stimulation was manifested in a form of moderate HR acceleration, RSP increase, RSA decrease (lowered vagal tone), decreased n and increased electrodermal activity (increased SCL, several SCRs) that reflects general sympathetic activation. Parietal EEG effects (on contra-lateral side to stimulated hand) were featured by short-term alpha-blocking, slightly reduced theta and significantly increased delta and enhanced fast beta activity with few variations across stimuli. The main finding of the study was that most and least preferred textures exhibited significant differences in autonomic (HR, RSP, PTT, SCR, and at less extent in RSA and SCL) and electrocortical responses (delta, slow and fast alpha, fast beta relative power). These differences were recorded both in passive and active stimulation modes, thus demonstrating reproducibility of distinction between most and least emotionally preferred tactile stimuli, suggesting influence of psychological factors, such as emotional property of stimulus, on physiological outcome. Nevertheless, development of sufficiently sensitive .and reliable template for classification of emotional responses to tactile stimulation based on physiological response pattern may require more extensive empirical database.

• 감성과학
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• 제1권2호
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• pp.13-22
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• 1998

The sense of touch has both objective and subjective characteristics. During hand evaluation of the fabrics. psycho physiological processes such as emotion and stimulation. On other site, the mode of touch (passive vs. active) is also capable to modulate somatosensory responses. I.e., suppress somatocensory perception during active electrocortical responses to passive and active touch of the textiles with different subjective emotional preference. The study was carried out on 36 female college students. Physiological signals were acquired by Grass and BIOPAC 100 systems with AcqKnowledge variables, namely heart rate (HR), respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA), pulse transit time (PTT), respiration rate (RSP) and skin conductance parameters (SCL, amplitude, risetime and number of SCRs) were analyzed for baseline and stimulation conditions. Analysis was manifested in a form of moderate HR acceleration. RSP increase, RSA decrease (lowered vagal tone), decreased PTT and increased electrodermal activity (increased SCL, several SCRs) that reflects general sympathetic activation. Parietal EEG effects (on contra-lateral side to stimulated hand)were featured by short-term alpha-blocking, slightly reduced theta, significantly increased delta and enhanced fast beta activity with few variations across stimuli. The main finding of the study was that most and least preferred textures exhibited significant differences in autonomic (HR, RSP, PTT, SCR, and at less extent in RSA and SCL) and electrocortical responses (delta, slow and fast alpha, fast beta relative power). These differences were recorded both in passive and active stimulation modes, thus demonstrating reproducibility of distinction between most and least emotionally preferred tactile stimuli, suggesting influence of psychological factors, such as emotional property of stimulus, on physiological outcome.

• 한국게임학회 논문지
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.27-34
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• 2017

본 논문은 게임에 대한 사용자의 직접적인 행동제어 방법보다는 사용 습관의 변화에 대한 적절한 보상을 제시함으로 올바른 사용을 유도하고자 하였다. 본 연구에서는 제시된 보상의 몰입 효과를 분석하여 보상 효과를 검증하였다. 24명의 초등학생들이 실험에 참여하였다. 피험자에게 제공한 태스크(task)는 산술 게임이며, 결과에 따라 4종류의 보상(보상없음, 칭찬카드, 업적 스티커, 현금)의 효과를 분석하였다. 산술 게임하는 동안에는 심장 반응과 보상에 대한 주관 만족도를 측정하였다. 결과적으로, 보상이 없는 경우는 교감, 부교감의 비활성화를 나타내었으며, 칭찬카드를 제시했을 경우, 교감 및 부교감 활성화를 확인하였다. 즉, 칭찬카드가 다른 보상보다도 가장 몰입 및 만족도가 크다는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 하지만, 보상에 따른 주관적인 만족도에서는 보상없음과 보상을 제시한 경우의 통계적 유의한 차이는 있었지만, 보상간의 차이는 확인할 수 없었다.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.355-363
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• 2021

Dynamic changes in adipose tissue blood flow (ATBF) with nutritional status play a role in the regulation of metabolic and endocrine functions. Activation of the sympathetic nervous system via β-adrenergic receptors (β-AR) contributes to the control of postprandial enhancement of ATBF. Herein, we sought to identify the role of each β-AR subtype in the regulation of ATBF in mice. We monitored the changes in visceral epididymal ATBF (VAT BF), induced by local infusion of dobutamine, salbutamol, and CL316,243 (a selective β1-, β2-, and β3-AR agonist, respectively) into VAT of lean CD-1 mice and global adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL) knockout (KO) mice, using laser Doppler flowmetry. Administration of CL316,243, known to promote lipolysis in adipocytes, significantly increased VAT BF of CD-1 mice to a greater extent compared to that of the vehicle, whereas administration of dobutamine or salbutamol did not produce significant differences in VAT BF. The increase in VAT BF induced by β3-AR stimulation disappeared in ATGL KO mice as opposed to their wild-type (WT) littermates, implying a role of ATGL-mediated lipolysis in the regulation of VAT BF. Different vascular reactivities occurred despite no significant differences in vessel density and adiposity between the groups. Additionally, the expression levels of the angiogenesis-related genes were significantly higher in VAT of ATGL KO mice than in that of WT, implicating an association of ATBF responsiveness with angiogenic activity in VAT. Our findings suggest a potential role of β3-AR signaling in the regulation of VAT BF via ATGL-mediated lipolysis in mice.

• 대한약리학회지
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.119-127
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• 1985

신장의 기능은 중추신경계 특히 교감신경계의 큰 영향을 받고 있으므로 ${\alpha}$-adrenoceptor의 길항제로 알려진 yohimbine을 가토의 측뇌실내로 (i.c.v.) 투여하여 신장 기능의 변동을 관찰하였다. Yohimbine 10 ${\mu}g/kg$ i.c.v. 로써 일관성인 Na 배설 증가와 함께 뇨량, 신혈류 및 사구체 여과율의 증가 경향을 볼 수 있었으나, 투여량을 증가시키면 그와 같은 작용은 소실되고 100 ${\mu}g/kg$ 과 300 ${\mu}g/kg$에 있어서는 신혈류 및 사구체 여과율의 심한 감소와 함께 현저한 항이뇨 작용과 Na 배설의 감소가 관찰 되었다. 이때 전신 혈압은 일과성으로 증가를 나타내었다. Reserpine 전처치 가토에 있어서는 100 ${\mu}g/kg$ i.c.v. yohimbine에 의한 항이뇨, Na 배설 감소작용, 신혈류 역학의 감퇴등이 소실되어 유의한 변동을 관찰할 수 없었다. 이때 전신 혈압의 상승도 소실 되었다. 일측 신장 신경을 제거하고 반대측 신장을 대조로 둔 표본에 있어서 yohimbine 100 ${\mu}g/kg$을 측뇌실내로 투여하면 대조신에서는 정상 가토에서와 같은 전형적인 항이뇨 작용이 나타났으나, 제신경(실험)신에 있어서는 신혈류 역학에는 변동이 없으나 Na 및 K 배설과 Cosm 및 뇨량의 유의한 증가를 나타냈다. 이때 신세뇨관에서의 Na 재흡수가 억제되었다. 전신 혈압의 변동은 정상 가토에서와 같이 일과성인 증가를 볼 수 있었다. 이상의 실험으로, 가토 측뇌실내 yohimbine은 신기능에 대하여 두 가지 상반되는 영향을 미치며, 첫째는 교감신경 긴장도의 증가로써 신혈류 및 사구체 여과율을 감소시켜 항이뇨 및 Na 배설 감소를 초래하는 작용과, 둘째는 신경 경로를 통하지 않고, 아마도 humoral factor를 통하여 신세뇨관에서 Na 재흡수를 억제하는 작용이 복합적으로 나타내는 것을 알 수 있었다.

• 한국심리학회지ㆍ건강
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.277-292
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• 2009

급성 스트레스 상황에 따른 Type D 성격의 자율신경계 반응을 심박률 변동성을 중심으로 조사하였다. Type DS-14의 점수에 근거하여 Type D 집단(n=23명)과 non-Type D 집단(n=23명)을 구성하였다. 심박률 변동성(heart rate variability, HRV)을 이용하여 기저선, 스트레스 단계 및 회복 단계 동안의 심박활동을 측정하였으며 스트레스 과제로는 Stroop 색채단어 검사가 사용되었다. 반복측정 변랑분석을 통해 두 집단의 심박활동을 비교하였으며, 회귀분석을 통해 Type D 척도와 스트레스 취약성 척도가 기저선 상태에서의 심박활동의 변화를 예측할 수 있는지를 알아보았다. 연구 결과, Type D 집단은 non-Type D 집단보다 고주파수(high frequency, HF) 활성화가 더 낮았고 저주파수(low frequency, LF) 활성화는 더 높았다. 스트레스 과제 수행 시, non-Type D 집단에서는 교감신경계 활성화 지표(LF component, LF/HF)가 증가하고 부교감신경계 활성화 지표(HF component)가 감소하는 것이 관찰된 반면, Type D 집단에서는 심박활동 비율상의 유의한 변화가 나타나지 않았다. 또한, Type D 척도의 총점수, 부정적 정서 소척도와 사회적 억제 소척도는 기저선 상태에서의 심박활동 반응에 대한 유의한 예측인자로 나타났다. 이러한 결과는 Type D 성격이 non-Type D 성격에 비해 교감신경계 활성화 비율이 높거나 또는 부교감신경계 활성화비율이 낮음을 시사한다. 즉, Type D가 스트레스에 취약한 성격임을 시사하며, Type D에서 관찰된 심박 활동 양상, 즉 높은 교감신경계 혹은 낮은 부교감신경계 활성화는 Type D 성격이 심장혈관 장애 등을 포함한 정신신체 질환과 관련될 수 있음을 시사한다.

• 대한약리학회지
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.37-45
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• 1981

The importance of thyroid hormones for the survival of rats in the cold is along-established fact. Hypothyroid animals are unable to survive in a cold environment. It was also reported that acute exposure of rats, guinea pigs and rabbits to cold produced an increased secretion of TSH and thereby thyroid hormone secretion within 10 to 30 min, but this increase of thyroid activity disappeared quite rapidly during warming. However, in human study no significant difference was found in the concentration of $T_4$, TSH and cortisol between summer and winter. But plasma $T_3$ concentration was increased significantly in winter in 56 adult men. On the other hand, it has been also known that catecholamines are important in the maintenance of body temperature of rat exposured to cold. Abundant evidences suggest that the sympathetic nervous system is involved in the activation of nonshivering thermogenesis and that thyroid hormone metabolism and secretion are influenced by catecholamines and consequently by the activity of the sympatheticadrenal system. Many of the metabolic effects of catecholamines are associated with an increase in the level of cAMP mediated through activation of adenylate cyclase which converts ATP to cAMP. Other studies have shown that thyroid hormones affect the amount of adenylate cyclase present in the adipose tissue. On the other hand. it was also reported that a particulate cAMP phosphodiesterase activity in fat cells was modulated by the action of thyroid hormones. The objective of the present study was to determine the interaction between thyroid activity and cyclic nucleotides during acute exposure to cold. Albino rats weighing around 200 g were used as the experimental animal. The room temperature group was kept at $25^{\circ}C$ and the cold-exposured group was kept at $4^{\circ}C$ for 1 week or 2 weeks. Each group was subdivided into three subgroups; control, KI, and MTU group. At the end of experiment the animals were etherized and blood was taken from abdominal aorta for $T_4,\;T_3$ and cyclic nucleotides. The determinations of $T_3,\;T_4$ and cyclic nucleotides were carried out with a radioimmunoassay(RIA) method. The results were summerized as followings. 1) A significant increase of thyroid weight was observed in rats exposured to cold for 2 weeks. Furthermore, in rats administered MTU while to exposure to cold the thyroid weight was also increased significantly. 2) After 2 weeks $T_3$ concentration in the plasma of cold-exposured rats was significantly increased in KI group and MTU group as well as in control group. On the contrary, after 2 weeks of cold exposure $T_4$ level was decreased in control group. 3) In the case of cyclic nucleotides, plasma cAMP was increased in the control group after 1 or 2 weeks of cold exposure. However, cAMP level in plasma was rather significantly decreased in KI group and MTU group as well as in control group.

• 감성과학
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• 제10권3호
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• pp.471-480
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• 2007

부정적 감성은 인간의 생존에 기여한다는 점에서 중요한 기능을 한다. 본 연구에서는 시청각 동영상자극을 이용하여 부정적 감성을 유발하고 각 부정적 감성에 따른 자율신경계 반응을 구분하고자 하였다. 실험에는 성인 남녀 30명(22.6세${\pm}$1.24, 남: 15명, 여: 15명)이 참여하였다 예비실험을 통해 2분 길이의 동영상 자극을 실험자극으로 선정하였다. 실험참여자가 선정된 동영상자극을 시청하는 동안 피부전기활동(EDA), 심전도(ECG)가 측정되었고, 하나의 자극제시가 끝난 후에 실험참여자들에게 각 감성자극에 의해 경험되는 감성에 대한 심리평가를 실시하였다. 심리반응 분석결과, 각 부정적 감성 자극은 표적감성을 적절하고 효과적으로 유발하는 것으로 나타났다. 자율신경계 반응분석결과, 각각의 감성자극들은 서로 구분되는 자율신경계 활동패턴을 유발하였다. 그리고 공포자극은 다른 유형의 부정적 감성자극보다 피부전기활동과 심전도의 지표들에서 높은 교감신경계의 활성화를 유발하였다. 본 연구는 각 부정적 감성에 대한 자율신경계 반응을 세분화하였다는 데 의의가 있다.