• 한국조경학회지
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• 제31권6호
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• pp.28-40
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• 2004

The purpose of this study is to identify the characteristics of monuments in the Seoul Foreigners′ cemetery at Yanghwajin, a place where many prominent Christian missionaries and other Christians have been buried near Choltusan. In considering the characteristics of gravestone details, the researcher has divided the details into 4 analysis categories: forms, symbols, epitaphs, and materials. For this research, 281 monuments were selected including 68 of missionaries, 26 of U. S. Army Soldiers, and 13 of teachers. The analysis revealed that there were 26 types of monuments. This includes simple and standardized types like the tablet, headstone, marker, and monolith. These were used more often than other shaped types such as the Cross, obelisk, sculpture, etc. Standardized types made in Korea have been preferred after the 1950s even though the beauty of the gravestones has been degraded. Symbolical decorations related to religious, social, professional or military emblems were also introduced to strengthen their symbolical objectives. Among them, fie Cross was the most predominant Christian symbol and emblem. The families wanted to inscribe epitaphs, the greater part of which originated from the Bible, poems, idioms related to tribute, rest, supplications to deity, love, achievement, to express human sentiment and religious faith. When using materials for making monuments, monument makers have mostly used stone because of its durability. Until the 1950s, various stones had been used to make monuments, for most marble and granite were brought from foreign countries. These were very different from the Korean white marble stone used for many monuments. After the 1950s, the source of stone has been limited to Korean stone, for Korean could make stone monuments that foreigners were agreeable. Especially, a black marble stone called "O-Suk" which means black stone, has been used as a main material. The study identified the following characteristics of monument details in the Seoul foreigners′ cemetery at Yanghwajin. First, Christianity has been applied as the main concept, while symbolizing the homogeneity of religious, family, social, professional or military groups by having the symbolic form, symbol, and epitaph in common. Second, monuments made after the 1950s have been standardized into unattractive and monotonous forms by the limited materials, and so the beauty of the monuments has been degraded.

• Strategy21
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• 통권37호
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• pp.144-176
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• 2015

In September 2013, President Park Geun-hye announced her controversial "Look North" policy, of which the most salient aspect is the "Eurasia Initiative". This comprises various proposals designed to overcome existing constraints by developing new markets and creating new economic partners in continental areas from which South Korea has been alienated since the end of World War II, and this dovetails nicely with China's One Belt, One Road Initiative. The concepts of the "Silk Road Rail Express (SRX)" and the "East Sea Rim Maritime Community (ESRMC)" have also been discussed. SRX is at present a purely symbolic railroad project intended to encourage individual, cultural, trade and diplomatic exchanges. ESRMC is a model for establishing an ad hoc community to promote regional economic cooperation around the East Sea. President Park's Eurasia Initiative will provide South Korean investment for the Northeast to complement Russian plans, like the "Northern Energy Road" being built by Gazprom, and Chinese plans, like the Chang-Ji-Tu Development Plan for the North Korean port of Rajin. China's trade, as well as its energy and food supplies, pass through the Strait of Malacca and the Indian Ocean, and are thus vulnerable to interdiction by India or the US. China is therefore trying to reduce its exposure geopolitical risk by establishing a network of corridors between the Belt and the Road to provide alternative paths. The "China-Pakistan Economic Corridor" and the "China-Myanmar Economic Corridor" provide such connections, and South Korea hopes that SRX and ESRMC can become part of a "China-South Korea Economic Corridor". This concept could do much to revitalize the underdeveloped northern provinces of China and Russia's Far East, not to mention North Korea. By linking up the Trans-Siberian Railway, the Trans-China Railway, the Trans-Mongolian Railway and the Trans-Korean Railway all these Asian countries will be connected to one another, and ultimately to Europe. An interim connection between China and South Korea using a rail-ferry has also been proposed.

• 한국의류산업학회지
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.31-43
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• 2021

This study analyzes the characteristics of fashion flex, which have recently spread on social media. The study was conducted with big data analysis that derived flex keywords from news articles and social media as well as case studies that collected 136 posted images on Instagram to analyze the content. The meaning of flex was positively accepted based on big data results. Flex was also a buzzword frequently used on social media as well as a symbolic meaning when discussing luxury goods or fashion brand experiences. The characteristics of fashion flex in social media were largely divided into three categories. First, conspicuous consumption is considered an active expression of individual fashion tastes or self-oriented consumption and emphasizes individuality through consumption. The second characteristic is that the public actively participates in events or fashion flex challenges. People use similar fashion styles or products to participate in playful social interactions with others using various Instagram functions. Finally, acts of pursuing psychological well-being in social media were used as the term flex in a broad sense and were shown to actively explore fashion-related materials and experiences for individual happiness. This study found that the meaning of existing conspicuous consumption is transforming into positive consumption, such as the expression of taste-based identity or the seeking of fun and psychological well-being. It is also meaningful that fashion has become an effective means to express individuality and taste in expressing flex.

• 한국융합학회논문지
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• 제12권11호
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• pp.275-284
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• 2021

본 연구는 페미니스트 잡지 표지 사진의 여성 이미지 특성을 분석한다. 페미니스트 잡지 표지 속 여성 이미지의 기초적 분석과 함께 사회기호학 연구의 방법론인 크레스와 리우웬(Kress & Leeuwen)의 시각 문법을 활용하여 여성 이미지를 조직한 기호의 구조와 구동 원리를 탐색한다. 분석 대상은 1960년대부터 2010년대까지 발행된 잡지 중, 200권의 표지로 설정하였다. 분석 결과, 첫째, 페미니스트 잡지 표지의 여성 이미지는 다양한 인종, 연령, 외모, 직업의 여성을 보여주며, 신체의 강조 정도가 낮고 자연스러운 모습으로 연출되었다. 둘째, 재현적(Representational) 메타기능과 상호작용적(Interactive) 메타기능을을 적극적으로 활용하여 자신감과 힘, 용기의 메시지가 주요하게 전달되었다. 셋째, 조직된 기호는 수신자가 이미지를 이해하고 해석하는 데 영향을 끼친다는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 본 연구가 여성 이미지에 대한 표현 방법을 숙고하게 하고, 입체적이며 다양한 여성의 군상을 표현하는 데 도움이 되길 바란다.

• 복식문화연구
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• 제30권3호
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• pp.455-476
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• 2022

The aim of this study was to develop Jiangxi Nuo masks using 3D digital fashion design technology and suggest various ways to utilize traditional culture based on the characteristics of Nuo masks, a traditional Chinese artifact of intangible cultural significance. The researchers conducted a literature review to gather information about Nuo culture and masks that could represent Jiangxi. Features of the masks were analyzed and classified. The result are as follows. First, the symbolic characteristics of Jiangxi's Nuo masks can be divided into those based on their origin and history, the user's social status, and the notions of primitive beliefs of the chosen people, such as naturism and totemism. Second, Nuo masks' splendid decorations convey meanings such as luck, the bixie, longevity, wealth, and peace in the family. Third, playfulness in mask-making is about dismantling the original form of the mask, re-creating it through application. Fourth, the masks express primitiveness mostly by conserving the wood's original color or material. The initial masks carved to represent images of figures aptly deliver the primitive forms and images of Nuo culture. In this study, Nuo masks were developed and produced using the 3D digital technology CLO 3D by adopting the expressive characteristics and applying design methods such as asymmetricity, exaggeration, and modification. The results of this study demonstrate the possibility of creating diverse as well as economical designs through the reduction of production.

• 한국의상디자인학회지
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.39-56
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• 2021

The purpose of this study was to observe the expressive characteristics of Neo-Deconstruction design, examine the expressive characteristics of Neo-Deconstruction design in the collections of Jacquemus, and analyze their internal meanings. For research, observations were made based on the concepts and expressive characteristics of Deconstruction through prior research and literary review, and analysis was conducted focusing on the expressive characteristics of Neo-Deconstruction. The scope of analysis included a total of 605 photographs collected from a total of 17 season collections of Jacquemus from the 2013 S/S to the 2021 S/S season. The results are as follows. First, the Neo-Deconstruction of Jacquemus expresses the youth culture using bright images such as diverse colors and patterns with 'positive playfulness' and pass on positive messages with deconstructive and playful forms, such as exaggeration and reduction and recombination and reconstitution. Second, with tendencies of 'symbolic receptivity', Jacquemus gained inspiration from his own life, memories, and hometown, and attempted to express the street women of places such as southern France, Paris, and Monaco in a number of collections. Also, he proposed designs that can be worn easily by anyone, regardless of gender, and as plus size models began to become more common respect was given to the tastes and preferences of diverse individuals without distinctions based on body type or sexuality. Third, 'geometric simplicity' was generally expressed by pursuing simple and practical fashion with the addition of details, such as geometric forms including stripes or asymmetrical expressions centering around everyday material that is used in clothing. Fourth, with "open communication," Jacquemus constructed his identity by addressing the various needs of consumers based on social network services and continuously sharing his creative ideas with the public. He is gaining popularity in a unique way by responding quickly to the changing atmosphere of society.

• 조형예술학연구
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• 제10권
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• pp.183-218
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• 2006

Colors change in time corresponding with the value system and aesthetic consciousness of the time. The roles that colors play in painting can be divided into the formative role based on the contrast and harmony of color planes and the aesthetic role expressed by colors to represent the objects. The aesthetic consciousness of the orient starts with the Civility(禮) and Pleasure(樂), which is closely related with restrained or tempered human feelings. In the art world of the orient including poem, painting, and music, what are seen and felt from the objects are not represented in all. Added by the sentiment laid background, the beauty of the orient emphasizes the beauty of restraint and temperance, which has long been the essential aesthetic emotion of the orient. From the very inception of oriental painting, colors had become a symbolic system in which the five colors associated with the philosophy of Yin and Yang and Five Forces were symbolically connected with the four sacred animals of Red Peacock, Black Turtle, Blue Dragon, and White Tiger. In this color system the use of colors was not free from ideological matters, and was further constrained by the limited color production and distribution. Therefore, development in color expression seemed to have been very much limited because of the unavailability and unreadiness of various colors. Studies into the flow in oriental painting show that color expression in oriental painting have changed from symbolic color expression to poetic expression, and then to emotional color expression as the mode of painting changes in time. As oriental painting transformed from the art of religious or ceremonial purpose to one of appreciation, the mast visible change in color expression is the one of realism(simulation). Rooted on the naturalistic color expression of the orient where the fundamental properties of objects were considered mast critical, this realistic color expression depicts the genuine color properties that the objects posses, with many examples in the Flower & Bird Painting prior to the North Sung dynasty. This realistic expression of colors changed as poetic sentiments were fused with painting in later years of the North Sung dynasty, in which a conversion to light ink and light coloring in the use of ink and colors was witnessed, and subjective emotion was intervened and represented. This mode of color expression had established as free and creative coloring with vivid expression of individuality. The fusion of coloring and lyricism was borrowed from the trend in painting after the North Sung dynasty which was mentioned earlier, and from the trend in which painting was fused with poetic sentiments to express the emotion of artists, accompanied with such features as light coloring and compositional change. Here, the lyricism refers to the artist's subjective perspective of the world and expression of it in refined words with certain rhythm, the essence of which is the integration of the artist's ego and the world. The poetic ego projects the emotion and sentiment toward the external objects or assimilates them in order to express the emotion and sentiment of one's own ego in depth and most efficiently. This is closely related with the rationale behind the long-standing tradition of continuous representation of same objects in oriental painting from ancient times to contemporary days. According to the thoughts of the orient, nature was not just an object of expression, but recognized as a personified body, to which the artist projects his or her emotions. The result is the rebirth of meaning in painting, completely different from what the same objects previously represented. This process helps achieve the integration and unity between the objects and the ego. Therefore, this paper discussed the lyrical expression of colors in the works of the author, drawing upon the poetic expression method reflected in the traditional Flower and Bird Painting, one of the painting modes mainly depending on color expression. Based on the related discussion and analysis, it was possible to identify the deep thoughts and the distinctive expression methods of the orient and to address the significance to prioritize the issue of transmission and development of these precious traditions, which will constitute the main identity of the author's future work.

• 한국조경학회지
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• 제39권3호
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• pp.26-38
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• 2011

본 연구는 베트남에 있는 베트남전쟁 메모리얼을 대상으로 메모리얼의 유형적 특성, 설계개념 및 내러티브, 입지 및 공간적 특성, 도입요소의 특성, 조경디테일에 나타난 표현 내용을 분석하고, 이를 토대로 하여 베트남전쟁 메모리얼에 나타난 기념문화를 분석하였다. 이러한 연구결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 오랜 전쟁으로 인해 베트남전쟁 메모리얼은 군인묘지, 전적지, 전쟁박물관, 비극적 장소, 평화공원 등 10가지 유형으로 다양하게 나타났으며, 이중에서 전통적 양식에 근거한 군인묘지, 장소성을 강조한 전적지와 비극적 장소, 전쟁 승리와 잔혹함을 표현한 전쟁박물관, 평화공원이 특징적인 유형으로 나다났다. 2. 메모리얼에 나타난 주요한 설계개념 및 내러티브는 희생자 추모, 국가에 헌신, 전쟁승리와 저항, 장소적 기념성으로 나타났으며, 국제적인 민간단체의 협력에 의해 만들어진 미라이 평화공원(My Lai Peace Park) 및 한-베 평화공원(Han-Viet Hoa Binh Cong Vien)에서 비극적 사건을 극복하고 평화를 도모하는 개념을 적용하였다. 3. 메모리얼은 비무장지대(Demilitarized Zone: DMZ) 및 전쟁 루트였던 호치민 트레일(Ho Chi Minh Trail), 그리고 베트남을 남북으로 연결하는 주요한 도로인 A1 국도 주변에 위치하고 있으며, 이 밖에 하노이 및 호치민 등 도시에 전쟁박물관 및 모뉴멘트가 조성되었다. 묘지 및 추모 메모리얼에서는 문과 기념탑(또는 제단)을 연결하는 축을 중심으로, 좌우에 묘역이 배치되는 전통적 공간체계를 따랐으며, 전적지 및 비극적 장소에서는 장소성에 지나치게 의존하여 설계를 통한 특정적인 공간 형태보다는 상징적 요소를 도입하여 기념성을 구현하였다. 4. 기념조각 및 기념탑은 베트남 사회주의공화국의 대표적 양식으로 전쟁승리 및 저항정선을 표현하기 위해 보편적으로 사용되었고, 포획한 무기를 전시하고 박물관에 사진 및 모형 등 자료를 전시하여 전쟁의 긴장감과 리얼리티를 보여주고 있으며, 유교 및 불교 등 전통문화에 근거한 상징요소를 도입하여 추모감을 높였다. 5. 기념조각이나 기념벽에 그림을 그리거나 사진을 이용한 사실적 표현을 강조하였다. 또한 상징적 문구로서 자주 사용되고 있는 'TO-QUOC-GHI-CONG 토국기공(士-國-記-功)'에서 전사자의 업적과 국가적 관심을 나타냈으며, 이와 반대로'Quagmire'는 미군 참전용사들이 베트남에서 겪은 혼란스럽고 어려운 전투 상황과 베트남전쟁에 대한 미국사회의 혼돈을 묘사하는 정치사회적인 메타포(metaphor)로서 사용되었다. 베트남전쟁 메모리얼에는 민족주의, 애국주의, 사회주의, 자본주의 등 다양한 이데올로기가 복합되어 있고, 유교 불교 도교 음양오행사상이 잘 나타났다. 한편, 유교적 전통에도 불구하고 베트남전쟁에서 영웅적 여성의 모습을 강조하였으며, 일부 메모리얼에서 베트남전쟁에 대한 국내 외적 갈등이 내포되었다. 이러한 연구결과를 토대로 하여 향후 미국에 있는 베트남전쟁 메모리얼의 설계특성을 연구하여 전쟁에 대한 인식 및 기념문화적 특성에 대한 비교연구가 필요하다.

• 한국조경학회지
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• 제43권1호
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• pp.1-15
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• 2015

본 연구는 미국에 있는 베트남전쟁 메모리얼 중 외부공간에 다양한 요소들이 도입되어 공간적 개념을 가지고 만들어진 87개 메모리얼을 대상으로 설계개념, 공간적 특성, 조경디테일의 특성, 기념조각의 특성, 그리고 표현내용을 분석하고, 이에 기초하여 메모리얼에 나타난 기념성을 고찰하였으며, 연구의 주요결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 베트남전쟁 메모리얼 85개소(97.7%)에서는 희생자를 추모하고 국가를 위한 헌신이 강조되었고, 84개소(96.6%)에서 지역 부대 집단의 명예를 고양하는 것이 기본적 설계개념으로 적용되었다. 2. 메모리얼의 공간적 형태는 59개소(67.8%)에서 원형이나 축적 구성을 통하여 독립적인 공간의 완성이 추구되었고, 11개소(12.6%)에서 넓은 부지에 다양한 도입요소나 대지조형을 통하여 공간이 구성되었으며, 기념벽을 주요소로 한 것도 12개소(13.8%)에서 나타났다. 3. 희생자를 추모하기 위해 주로 기념벽이 사용된 곳이 65개소(74.7%)였고, 대부분의 메모리얼에서 다른 전쟁메모리얼처럼 국가 및 지역, 부대의 명예 고양을 위해 기와 엠블렘이 사용되었다. 이 밖에 빈 의자, 기념비나 마커, 기둥 및 열주, 폰드 및 수로, 헬리콥터 등이 일부 메모리얼에 도입되었다. 4. 메모리얼에서는 V자형 검은색 기념벽을 자주 사용하였기 때문에, 기념조각은 상대적으로 적은 21개소(24.1%)에서 도입되었다. 이 중에서 승리를 고무하는 영웅적인 전투 장면보다는 병사상이나 부상 장면을 묘사한 사실적 조각이 16개소(18.4%)로 대부분이었고, 일부에서 추상조각 및 은유조각이 사용되었다. 5. 전사자 및 실종자 등 희생자를 추모하기 위해 기념벽에 전사자 및 실종자 이름을 새기거나, 일부에서는 전사자 및 실종자의 사진 및 추모시를 음각하였고, 'DUTY, HONOR, COUNTRY'와 같은 상징적 문구를 적었으며, 전쟁으로 인하여 사회적으로 큰 이슈가 되었던 전쟁포로 및 실종자에 대한 관심을 나타내는 MIA/POW 이미지를 활용하였다. 6. 미국에서는 기념벽을 중요한 요소로 활용하여 전사자 실종자 참전군인의 이름을 새기고, 성조기 부대기 주기 등을 게양하며, 'ALL GAVE SOME, SOME GAVE ALL' 및 'DUTY, HONOR, COUNTRY'를 자주 표현하여 희생자를 추모하고, 명예를 고양하는 민주주의적 애국주의를 강조하였다. 반면, 베트남에서는 전쟁승리 및 민족 저항정신을 강조하였고, 사회주의의 대표적 양식인 기념조각 및 기념탑을 자주 사용하였으며, '조국은 당신을 기억한다'는 의미의 'TO-QUOC-GHI-CONG(토-국-기-공(土-國-記-功))'을 새기어, 민족주의, 사회주의, 애국주의를 강조하였다는 점에서 대조적이다. 향후 베트남 및 미국 이외에 베트남전쟁 참전국인 한국 및 오스트레일리아에 있는 베트남전쟁 메모리얼에 대한 분석을 통하여 국가적 기념성에 대한 비교 연구가 필요하다.

• 복식문화연구
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• 제14권5호
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• pp.790-801
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• 2006

This study analyzed features of elements that compose a logo of inner wear brands to get the following results: First, it was found that "elegance" was the most frequently used word to express the concept of inner wear brands to be followed by words like dignity, high-end and aristocratic, words emphasizing femininity, such as feminine, romantic and sexy, words emphasizing practicality, such as convenient, practical, modern, functional and reasonable, and words emphasizing hygiene, such as clean, healthy and hygienic. This suggests that consumers nowadays pursue image more than functional aspects in the shopping of inner wear and consumers' pursuit of such values is reflected in the concept of inner wear brands. Second, unlike logos for outerwear brands that generally used initials of brand name, word-type logos for inner wear brands used the full name of brands, thus suggesting that they put more emphasis on delivery of information rather than on the symbolic aspect. In case of combining characters with concrete objects, they were found generally to use objects that give an soft, elegant and feminine image, such as flowers, woman's head and ribbons. Third, colors in the series of pink and red seemed to be used to convey the concept of inner wear brands that pursue such images as romanticism, femininity, elegance and sensibility, while colors in the series of blue, black and grey for such concepts as functionality, practicality, simplicity, health, hygiene and refinement. With reference to typeface used in the design of logos, unlike outerwear brands of which 83% use sans serif typeface for logos, relatively high percentage of inner wear was found to use typefaces of serif series to stress feminine flexibility and delicacy and give the image of elegance and classical tenderness. With reference to language used in logo naming for inner wear brands, 33 brands were found to use English and only three brands used Korean among the 36 brands surveyed. Even with inner wear brand logos that have Korean name, it was found that they used English in the use of logo marks. Like the result of previous studies, the result of this study indicates that methods to design brand logos for clothing should be incessantly sought in a way to build brand power as an important component to represent concept or function of brands and reinforce brand image.