• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제59권1호
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• pp.121-142
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• 1983

Recently mycorrhizal research has been one of the most fast-growing research areas in modern plant science and microbiology. The application potential of mycorrhizal techniques to agriculture and forestry is enormous in view of the ubiquitous nature of mycorrhizae and known benefits of mycorrhizae to host plants. Unfortunately, very few scientists in Korea are currently involved in mycorrhizal research. When a team of American plant pathologists visited Korea in September 1982 to participate in the Korea-U.S.A. Joint Seminar on Forest Diseases and Insect Pests, they were surprised by the principal author's statement that there was no single research project on mycorrhizae sponsored by Korean government or any scientific institutions. The author initiated a few years ago a research project on the ecology of tree mycorrhizae with a foreign financial support. Major areas of interest were survey of ectomycorrhizae in relation to soil fertility, taxonomic distribution of mycorrhizae among woody plants, identification of ectomycorrhizal fungi, and growth response of woody plants to artificial inoculation. In spite of the enormous application potential of mycorrhizae to agronomic plants, the subject of mycorrhizae has not been recognized by Korean agronomists, foresters or pathologists. The purpose of this review rather written in Korean is to introduce the techniques of mycorrhizal research to Korean scientists and to urge them to participate in challenging new scientific field which might bring us a remarkable increase in crop productivity and tree growth through manipulation of this unique symbiosis. In this review, following topics were discussed in the same order: introduction; brief history of mycorrhizal research; morphology and classification of mycorrhizae; distribution of mycorrhizae in plant kingdom and in soil profile; physiology of mycorrhizae (functions, mineral nutrition, mycorrhizal formation); interaction of mycorrhizae with soil-born plant pathogens. mycorrhizae in nitrogen-fixing plants; application of mycorrhizal techniques to nursery practices (isolation, culture, inoculation, and response); prospect in the future.

• Mycobiology
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• 제43권4호
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• pp.458-466
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• 2015

Oak tree death caused by symbiosis of an ambrosia beetle, Platypus koryoensis, and an ophiostomatoid filamentous fungus, Raffaelea quercus-mongolicae, has been a nationwide problem in Korea since 2004. In this study, we surveyed the yeast species associated with P. koryoensis to better understand the diversity of fungal associates of the beetle pest. In 2009, a total of 195 yeast isolates were sampled from larvae and adult beetles (female and male) of P. koryoensis in Cheonan, Goyang, and Paju; 8 species were identified by based on their morphological, biochemical and molecular analyses. Meyerozyma guilliermondii and Candida kashinagacola were found to be the two dominant species. Among the 8 species, Candida homilentoma was a newly recorded yeast species in Korea, and thus, its mycological characteristics were described. The P. koryoensis symbiont R. quercusmongolicae did not show extracelluar CM-cellulase, xylanase and avicelase activity that are responsible for degradation of wood structure; however, C. kashinagacola and M. guilliermondii did show the three extracellular enzymatic activities. Extracelluar CM-cellulase activity was also found in Ambrosiozyma sp., C. homilentoma, C. kashinagacola, and Candida sp. Extracelluar pectinase activity was detected in Ambrosiozyma sp., C. homilentoma, Candida sp., and M. guilliermondii. All the 8 yeast species displayed compatible relationships with R. quercus-mongolicae when they were co-cultivated on yeast extract-malt extract plates. Overall, our results demonstrated that P. koryoensis carries the yeast species as a symbiotic fungal associate. This is first report of yeast diversity associated with P. koryoensis.

• Molecules and Cells
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• 제40권1호
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• pp.17-23
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• 2017

Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling cascades play critical roles in various cellular events in plants, including stress responses, innate immunity, hormone signaling, and cell specificity. MAPK-mediated stress signaling is also known to negatively regulate nitrogen-fixing symbiotic interactions, but the molecular mechanism of the MAPK signaling cascades underlying the symbiotic nodule development remains largely unknown. We show that the MtMKK5-MtMPK3/6 signaling module negatively regulates the early symbiotic nodule formation, probably upstream of ERN1 (ERF Required for Nodulation 1) and NSP1 (Nod factor Signaling Pathway 1) in Medicago truncatula. The overexpression of MtMKK5 stimulated stress and defense signaling pathways but also reduced nodule formation in M. truncatula roots. Conversely, a MAPK specific inhibitor, U0126, enhanced nodule formation and the expression of an early nodulation marker gene, MtNIN. We found that MtMKK5 directly activates MtMPK3/6 by phosphorylating the TEY motif within the activation loop and that the MtMPK3/6 proteins physically interact with the early nodulation-related transcription factors ERN1 and NSP1. These data suggest that the stress signaling-mediated MtMKK5/MtMPK3/6 module suppresses symbiotic nodule development via the action of early nodulation transcription factors.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제39권5호
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• pp.343-348
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• 1996

Mouse의 대장에서 분리된 E. coli LI-10 균주를 보조균주로 하여 Cellulomonas sp. KL-6과 혼합배양한 결과, 균체증식은 주균주와 보조균주를 1 : 1(v/v)의 비로 혼합하였을 때 가장 좋았다. 혼합배양은 주균주 단독배양 보다 균체증식을 63% 정도로 증가시켰으며 두 균주의 분포도는 10 : 1 비율로 KL-6 균주가 주로 분포되어 있었다. 0.1%의 $CaCO_3$의 첨가는 무첨가에 비해 각 배양기간별로 pH를 상승시켜 어느정도의 균체증식을 가져왔다. Filter paper 배지에서 혼합배양시, 본 균주들은 cellobiose를 월등하게 많이 생산하였으나 glucose는 검출되지 않았다. 균체증식 최적배지에서 4일간 혼합배양하였을 때, $1.0\;g/{\ell}$의 균체량을 생산하여 기본배지인 CMC 배지에서 생산한 균체량보다 53% 정도가 증가되었다.

• Mycobiology
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• 제49권5호
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• pp.461-468
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• 2021

The genus Laccaria (Hydnangiaceae, Agaricales) plays an important role in forest ecosystems as an ectomycorrhizal fungus, contributing to nutrient cycles through symbiosis with many types of trees. Though understanding Laccaria diversity and distribution patterns, as well as its association with host plants, is fundamental to constructing a balanced plant diversity and conducting effective forest management, previous studies have not been effective in accurately investigating, as they relied heavily on specimen collection alone. To investigate the true diversity and distribution pattern of Laccaria species and determine their host types, we used four different approaches: specimen-based analysis, open database search (ODS), NGS analysis, and species-specific PCR (SSP). As a result, 14 Laccaria species have been confirmed in Korea. Results regarding the species distribution pattern were different between specimen-based analysis and SSP. However, when both were integrated, the exact distribution pattern of each Laccaria species was determined. In addition, the SSP revealed that many Laccaria species have a wide range of host types. This study shows that using these four different approaches is useful in determining the diversity, distribution, and host of ECM fungi. Furthermore, results obtained for Laccaria will serve as a baseline to help understand the role of ECM fungi in forest management in response to climate change.

• 미생물학회지
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• 제55권1호
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• pp.17-24
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• 2019

극지에 서식하는 세균은 강한 빛과 자외선을 받는다. 이 연구에서 우리는 북극에 서식하는 지의류 Cetraria sp.에서 분리한 호냉성 세균 Sphingomonas sp. PAMC 26621의 생장에 빛이 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 이 세균은 암조건에서 명조건에서 보다 생장이 느렸다. 놀랍게도, 이 세균은 M9 최소배지에 티아민 혹은 아스코브르산을 첨가하면 명조건에서 생장이 증가하였지만, N-acetylcysteine을 첨가한 배지에서는 생장의 변화가 없었다. 첨가한 티아민과 아스코브르산은 포도당-6 인산 탈수소효소와 항산화 효소의 활성을 증가시켰다. 이 연구의 결과는 지의류와의 공생에서 제공된 티아민이 Sphingomonas sp. PAMC26621의 빛에 의한 산화적 스트레스를 완화시키는 항산화제 역할을 함을 의미한다. 이 연구는 강한 빛과 자외선이 만연한 북극에 서식하는 세균에 대한 생리적, 생화학적 관점에서 고찰할 점을 제시한다.

• 대한지구과학교육학회지
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.1-17
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• 2019

기후변화 대응을 공식화하고 보완하는데 있어서 교육의 중요성은 국제 및 국가별 체제, 의제, 전략 및 실행 계획에 의해 널리 인식되어왔다. 기후변화 교육은 기후변화에 대한 최신 정보와 지식에 접근하고 정책 개발을 지원하며 기후 변화 대응의 효과를 높이기 위해 지역 사회의 필요를 충족시킬 수 있는 잠재력을 가지고 있다. 이 연구는 기후변화와 도시화를 교육하교학습하기 위한 적절한 방법 중 하나로 통합 도시 기후 교육 (IUCE)의 혁신적인 모델을 개발하였다. 이 연구에서는 다낭 시 캠르 지역의 IUCE 사례 연구에서 얻은 접근법, 방법론 및 주요 교훈을 제시한다. 이 연구의 결과를 통해 도시 복원력 구축에 효과적으로 기여하는 방식으로 IUCE의 개발 및 구현에 대한 여러 가지 중요한 특성을 확인할 수 있다. 이러한 특성에는 (1) 다차원 접근법, (2) 교사 중심의 기반, (3) 학교 가족 공동체 연결, 그리고 (4) 공생 원리가 포함된다.

• International Journal of Computer Science & Network Security
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• 제21권9호
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• pp.332-338
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• 2021

Civil aviation cybersecurity challenges are global in nature and must be addressed using global best practices and the combined efforts of all stakeholders. This requires the development of comprehensive international strategies and detailed plans for their implementation, with appropriate resources. It is important to build such strategies on a common methodology that can be applied to civil aviation and other interrelated critical infrastructure sectors. The goal of the study was to determine the methodological basis for developing an international civil aviation cybersecurity strategy, taking into account existing experience in strategic planning at the level of international specialized organizations. The research was conducted using general scientific and theoretical research methods: observation, description, formalization, analysis, synthesis, generalization, explanation As a result of the study, it was established the specifics of the approach to formulating strategic goals in civil aviation cybersecurity programs in the documents of intergovernmental and international non-governmental organizations in the aviation sphere, generally based on a comprehensive vision of cybersecurity management. A comparative analysis of strategic priorities, objectives, and planned activities for their implementation revealed common characteristics based on a single methodological sense of cybersecurity as a symbiosis of five components: human capacity, processes, technologies, communications, and its regulatory support. It was found that additional branching and detailing of priority areas in the strategic documents of international civil aviation organizations (by the example of Cybersecurity Strategy and Cybersecurity Action Plan) does not always contribute to compliance with a unified methodological framework. It is argued that to develop an international civil aviation cybersecurity strategy, it is advisable to use the methodological basis of the Cyber Security Index.

• International Journal of Computer Science & Network Security
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.107-114
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• 2022

The main purpose of this study is to substantiate the theoretical and methodological foundations of the organizational and economic mechanism of development of the agro-industrial complex in modern conditions. Organizational and economic mechanism is presented as a complex organizational structure of the system type, which is aimed at performing specific functions, the characteristic feature of which is the constant support of process changes without which the organizational and economic mechanism can not exist. There are four components of the agro-industrial complex, represented by agriculture and the national economy, which ensure its operation, including industry, processing of agricultural products, its storage and transportation, sale and repair and maintenance of agricultural machinery and more. It is proved that the organizational and economic mechanism of development of agro-industrial complex in modern conditions it is expedient to consider: from the point of view of system and process approaches; as a set of economic levers and organizational measures to influence the agro-industrial complex; constituent components of organizational influence on the development of the complex; a set of components, elements that are integrated into the system of economic relations of the subjects of the agro-industrial complex; a set of purposeful stimulators of agro-industrial complex development. The functions of the organizational component of the mechanism of agro-industrial complex include: redistributive, planning, interaction, control, integration and regulatory functions, the functions of the economic component include consumer, investment and innovation, social, incentive, monitoring functions of the mechanism. The symbiosis of the functions of organizational and economic components ensure the effectiveness of the organizational and economic mechanism of the organizational and economic mechanism through its functionalities as a whole.

• 한국콘텐츠학회논문지
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.1-16
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• 2022

현재 AI의 기술력은 과거 인간만이 가진 능력을 초월할 정도로 빠르게 발전하고 있다. 머지않은 미래, 앞으로 인간과 AI는 메타버스 사회 구성원으로서 서로 영향을 주고받게 될 것으로 예측된다. 이에 본 연구에서는 메타버스에서 AI와 인간이 공생하게 될 시대, 인간이 스스로 존엄성을 지켜가며 행복한 삶을 추구하며 살아갈 수 있는 핵심 역량으로써 공감의 중요성을 강조하였다. 본 연구는 메타버스 내 컴퓨터 매개 커뮤니케이션이 대두되는 사회적 성격을 반영하여, '디지털휴먼공감지표(DHEI)'를 개발하였다. 본 연구는 총 1,100명을 대상으로 설문을 수행하고, 탐색적 요인분석과 확인적 요인분석을 수행하여, 총 7개의 요인, 28개 문항을 도출하였다. DHEI는 관점수용, 자기/타인 인식, 사회체계 장벽의 문맥적 이해, 영향력 가늠, 연대적 노력, 평화 추구, 기기 인격화로 구성되었다. 본 연구의 결과는 공감에 대한 새 기준을 제시하며 미래인재교육의 방향 설정에 기여할 것으로 기대된다.