• Mycobiology
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.179-185
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• 2004

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi were observed in Botrychium ternatum native in Korea. The partial small subunit(SSU) of ribosomal DNA gene from the fern roots was amplified with primers AM1/NS31. Nucleotides sequence analysis of the clones revealed that two fragments were close to Glomus proliferum and G. sinuosum. The other three DNA fragments were close to those of G. proliferum with the relatively low similarities($92{\sim}95%$) and speculated to be originated from three different species of Glomus(GLA006, GLA016, and GLA032). Five different nucleotide sequences close to three AM fungal species were found in the roots of B. ternatum native in Korea.

• Journal of the Korean Magnetic Resonance Society
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.123-128
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• 2020

All plants in natural ecosystems are living in symbiosis with endophytes. Recently, there has been an increasing interest in endophytes since these organisms can interact with the hosts and produce various structurally or biologically interesting molecules. This study aimed to identify these molecules from endophytes. Chemical investigation of Climacium dendroides-derived fungus Talaromyces sp. resulted in the isolation of two diphenyl ether derivatives, purpactin A (1) and penicillide (2), and two steroids, dankasterone A (3) and calvasterol B (4). The structures of the compounds were identified via extensive spectroscopic and spectrometric methods. Four compounds did not show any antioxidative activities in the on-line antioxidant activity screening system.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.191-196
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• 1985

The MNDO was found to be the most reliable semi-empirical SCF-MO method for the studies of $S_N2$ reactions involving anion and neutral molecule. The results of our MNDO calculations on the $S_N2$ reactions of $CH_3X$ + $Y^-$ → $CH_3Y$ + X- where X = H, F, Cl, CN, $CH_3$, and Y = F, $CH_3$ showed that the order of the leaving group ability is the reverse of the order of proton affinities. It was also found that there is no symbiosis involved in the SN2 transition state and the departure of the leaving group is relatively late in contrast to the early bond formation of the nucleophile. The Marcus equation was found to apply to the MNDO barriers and energy changes.

• International Journal of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.168-179
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• 2021

With the introduction of China's new policies, the Chinese animation industry has gradually formed a sustainable industrial structure chain, and the output value of the animation market is also in a state of continuous growth. Since 2013, domestic animation has been developing from "lower age" to "ageing" and "adults". At the same time, with the popularization of China's pan-entertainment industry model, the multi-domain symbiosis of the Internet and mobile Internet has been realized, creating a fan economy of star IP (Intellectual Property), and promoting the linkage of various industries under the same IP. This paper mainly analyzes the development of the animation IP market in China's pan-entertainment mode in recent years, and analyzes the cross-media operation mode of the animation industry. At the same time, it studies the application of self-media in animation.

• Mycobiology
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• v.50 no.2
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• pp.104-109
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• 2022

Fungi of the genus Tuber are ectomycorrhizal fungi that form a symbiotic relationship mainly with oak and hazel trees. Tuber spp. exhibit a highly selective host plant preference; thus, for cultivation purposes it is important to select an appropriate host plant for successful mycorrhization. In addition, as mycorrhizal characteristics differ according to Tuber spp., it is necessary to understand the differences in mycorrhizae according to the fungal species. Tuber huidongense and Tuber himalayense were recently discovered in Korea; therefore, we used spore suspensions from these two species to inoculate two species of oak trees, Quercus acutissima and Quercus dentata, to compare colonization rates and morphologies of the mycorrhizae. The colonization rates demonstrated that the different Tuber spp. favored different host plant species. In addition, unique morphological and anatomical characteristics were observed for T. huidongense and T. himalayense depending on the host species. These findings can lead to new economically important agricultural activities related to truffle cultivation in Korea.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.50 no.4
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• pp.275-280
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• 2022

Truffles are ectomycorrhizal fungi that belong to the genus Tuber. They exhibit symbiotic relationships, particularly with oak (Quercus spp.) and hazel (Corylus spp.) trees. We performed an inoculation using a spore suspension to synthesize mycorrhizae between European truffles, Tuber borchii and Tuber melanosporum, and an indigenous oak species, Quercus acutissima. This resulted in the formation of mycorrhizae within 2 months after inoculation. Despite having the same host plant, differences in features were observed between Tuber species, including color and mantle type. These results indicate that Q. acutissima is a suitable host plant for truffle cultivation in Korea and provide a better understanding of the mycorrhization of T. borchii and T. melanosporum.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.36 no.12
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• pp.803-812
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• 2014

This study assesses the strategy and performance of Eco-industrial Park (EIP) initiative implemented by Korea Industrial Complex Corporation (KICOX) with the support of Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy (MOTIE), Korea since 2005 to 2013 and recommends future directions. After the concept of EIP based on industrial symbiosis (IS) is introduced, the background and implementation procedure of the EIP initiative are described. Then, economic and environmental achievement was assessed. During the project periods (2005-2013), 449 industrial symbiosis project were explored, among which 296 projects have been implemented. Among (Of these 296 projects,) them, 244 projects have been completed in which 118 projects have been commercialized which shows 48% commercialization rate of the completed projects. Through these commercialized projects, around 311.1 billion won/year of economic benefits and reduction of waste by-products of 828,113 tons/year, wastewater of 215,517 tons/year, reduction in energy consumption of 250,475 toe/year and GHG emission reduction of 1,107,189 $tCO_2/year$ were achieved. This results confirmed that EIP initiative based on industrial symbiosis can enhance eco-efficiency of industrial parks and harmonize economy and environment. However, there are obstacles like absence of interagency coordination and cooperation, laws and institutional barriers, increased demand for local governments, funding for project investment. Thus, to utilize EIP initiative as a strategic tool for competiveness and environmental management of industrial parks, it needs intergovernmental collaboration and interdisciplinary approach to lower barrier in implementation.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.160-171
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• 2018

This study aims to find an original form of temple flower decoration patterns, considering floral lattice pattern as a view element composing temple landscape. To that end, we analyzed and interpreted the form and symbol expressed in the floral lattice pattern at Nahanjeon of Seonghyel Temple at Yeongju, Gyeongsangbukdo. The front side of Nahanjeon windows shows a sculpture with 176 pure patterns in a form where two squares are in sequence. The basic concept of main front door (the inner gate of Nahanjeon) frames is considered the design language of lotus pond that symbolizes "square land" in traditional gardens. The four leaf clover and arrowhead are water plants discovered in areas nearby ponds, which are a realistic expression conforming to the water ecology of lotus pond. The lotus, which is the most important plant at the main front door, indicates purity, a non-stained state, and the world of the lotus sanctuary, which is the land of blissful happiness in Buddhism. The lotus expressed in the floral lattice pattern is spread in a diverse form, containing the features of creation and destruction, showing the landscape character of the "One Body of Buddha and Lotus". The expression of flying birds such as kingfishers and egrets is an ecologically aesthetic idea to infuse dynamism and vitality into a seemingly static aquatic ecosystem. The floral lattice pattern contains lotus pond scenery showing symbiosis of animals(i.e., dragons, frogs, crabs, fishes, egrets, wild geese, and kingfishers) and plants(i.e., four leaf clovers and arrowheads), which are symbols of relief faith for longevity, wealth, preciousness, and many sons. The pattern is not just an ecological aesthetic expression but a holistic harmony of ecological components such as growth and disappearance of lotus and its leaves, fitting habitats, symbiosis, and food chain.

• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.615-627
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• 2016

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of urban sprawl and their ramifications, i.e. segmentation and hierarchization on the spatial structure as well as populational composition, focusing on Daecheon - Village and Daecheoncheon - Network in Busan, and to examine not only the solidarity between constituents transcending the segmented spaces but also the internal values operating inside through the Daecheoncheon - Network. Due to the large - scale housing development in the 1980s to 1990s, Daecheon - Village has been transformed from a rural village to a town. In this process, the original single space became segmented into Daecheon - Village and apartment complex. This spatial segmentation divided the populational composition into old natives and young immigrants. However, the Daecheoncheon - Network created by solidarity between the bodies of two localities enabled the residents to resolve the urgent issues of localities, recognizing their own space of living not as segmented and hierarchic but as the communal site of life and one village where they will live together. Daecheoncheon-Network was the movement and network to connect natives and immigrants transcending the segmented space and went so far as to make a motive to create one community with the value of 'symbiosis.'

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.136-146
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• 1994

To research the effect of chemotaxis of Rhizobia toward the root exudate on nitrogen fixing ability in soybean Rhizobia symbiosis system. Root exudate from seedlings of Glycine max. L was collected aseptic conditions. B. japonicum KCTC 2422 induced the formation of symbiotic nitrogen fixing nodules on the root of soybean plant and possessed motility and chemotaxis toward the 2mM proline. LPN-100 mutant was $Nod^-$, $Che^+$, and LPN-101 was $Che^-$, $Nod^+$ strains. Physiological properties of mutants were similar to parent strain. The crude root exudate was tested for its chemotactic ability using the capillary tube method. Chemotactic responses of RCR 3407 toward crude root exudate were 2.2, 2.6, 2.9, those of KCTC 2422 were 2.3, 2.9, 3.0, respectively. The crude root exudate was fractionated into neutral, cationic and anionic fractions. Chemotactic responses of KCTC 2422 was least with anionic fraction, most with neutral and intermediate with cationic fraction. B. japonicum KCTC 2422 was attracted by carbohydrates, amino acids and carboxylic acid. Carbohydrates and amino acids were good chemoattractants and carboxylic acids were intermediate chemoattractants. The peak concentration was $10^{-3}M$ for ribose, glucose, glutamine, aspartic acid and carboxylic acids, with exception of xylose, arabinose, tryptophan, which elicited maximum responses at $10^{-4}M$. The formation of nodules and nitrogenase activity of soybean inoculated with KCTC 2422 was determined in 7days after inoculation, and those of LPN-101 was detected in 15days after inoculation, but LPN-100 didn't form of nodules in soybean plants.