• 대한음성학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한음성학회 2000년도 7월 학술대회지
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• pp.189-198
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• 2000

/$t{\partial}n$/, /$d{\partial}n$/, /$t{\partial}l$/ and /d{\partial}l$/, on the one hand, are the typical phonemes of syllabic consonants. On the other hand, /${\int}{\partial}n$/ most plausibly gives rise to the syllabic consonants. /$t{\partial}r$/ and /$d{\partial}r/ can he syllabic. However, because lip-rounded consonants strengthen the character of consonantal phonemes, they are not so appropriate. Apart from phonemes, some familiar words also could be almost always syllabic. From the historical perspective, we can say that the position of syllabic consonants is typically the second syllables of two-syllabic words and 1.hat the underlying schwa does not always exist. In terms of the syllable structure, the syllables which include syllabic consonants are totally different from both stressed syllables and the other unstressed syllables.

• 음성과학
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• 제7권3호
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• pp.87-98
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• 2000

Timing in speech is determined by many factors. In this paper, we introduce and discuss some factors that have generally been regarded as important in speech timing. They include stress, syllable structure, consonant insertion or deletion, tempo, lengthening at clause, phrase and word boundaries, preconsonantal vowel shortening, and compensation between segments or within phonological units (e.g., word, foot), compression due to the increase of syllables in word or foot level, etc. and each of them may playa crucial role in the structuring of speech timing in a language. But some of these timing factors must interact with each other rather than be independent and the effects of each factor on speech timing will vary from language to language. On the other hand, there could well be many other factors unknown so far. Finding out and investigating new timing factors and reinterpreting the already-known timing factors should enhance our understanding of timing structures in a given language or languages.

• 대한음성학회지:말소리
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• 제19_20호
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• pp.58-87
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• 1990

According to Government Phonology, at 1 phonological positions save the domain's head must be licensed in order to appear in the syllable structure. A non-nuclear head is licensed by the following nucleus, and the nuclei with phonetic content are licensed through government by the nuclear head of the domain at the level of the nuclear projection. Therefore, in the theory of Government Phonology it is claimed that words always end with a nucleus. With regard to the licensing of empty nuclei, Kaye(1990a) proposes the 'Empty Category Principle' and its sub-theory of 'Projection Government'. Government Phonology claims that a nucleus which dominates a vowel that regularly undergoes elision in certain contexts is underlyingly empty. This underlying empty nucleus is not manifested phonetically when it is properly governed by an unlicensed(i, e, a nucleus filled with a full vowel). It is when proper government fails to apply, that the empty nucleus is phonetically Interpreted. The purpose of this paper is to present a principled account of the process of $[i]{\Leftrightarrow}{\emptyset}$ alternation in Korean. Following Kaye's proposal, we assume that [i] of Korean is underlyingly empty. This position is pronounced as [i] if it is unlicensed, and is not phonetically realized if is licensed. Empty nuclei ape devided into two categories: domain-internal and domain-final. Firstly, we consider the question why Korean has little word ending with [i]. As for this, ECP states that domain-final empty nuclei are not pronounced if the language licenses domain-final empty nuclei. Whether a final empty nucleus may occur in the structure is parametric variation. This property is seen from the fact that words may appear to end in consonants in this language. Since Korean abounds with words ending in a consonant, it licenses domain-final empty nuclei. Therefore, it is quite natural that Korean has little word ending with [i]. Secondly, word-internal empty nuclei of Korean respect proper government and inter-onset government. That is, an empty nucleus in word-internal position will be pronounced with the vowel [i] if either proper government or inter-onset government fail to apply. Inter-onset government refers to the government established between two onsets across an empty nucleus. Thirdly, we consider words ending with [i], which seems to be exceptional to the final licensing. Host of them are. either mono-syllabic verbs(for instance, [s'i-] 'to write') or derived adjectives ending with [p'i] (for instance, [kip'i-] 'be happy'). As for the former, the 'inaccessibility for proper government' is applied because the empty nucleus appears in the first syllable. In latter case, domain-final empty nuclei are pronounced as [i] because of government-licensing. That is, final empty nucleus is pronounced to license the preceding onset dominating negatively charmed segments which empty nucleus of Korean cannot license.

• 한국시조학회지:시조학논총
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• 제30집
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• pp.147-164
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• 2009

이 논문에서 밝힌 바를 요약 정리하면 다음과 같다. 첫째, 여태 일반적으로 말해온 음수율은 아래와 같이 정리할 수 있다. 각 숫자는 음보율에서는 음보 단위가 되고 있다. 현대시조에 와서는 자수의 넘침이 고시조보다 심한 경우가 있지만 대체로 아래 표로 정리될 수 있겠다. 초장 3(2 - 4) $\leqq$ 4(3 - 5) $\vee$ 3(4 - 5) $\leqq$ 4(3 - 5) 중장 3(2 - 4) $\leqq$ 4(3 - 5) $\vee$ 3(4 - 5) $\leqq$ 4(3 - 5) 종장 3(고정) $\prec$ 5(6 - 7) $\vee$ 4(3 - 5) $\geqq$ 3(4) 둘째, 문장구조의 측면에서 시조 형식을 살펴본 결과는 이렇게 설명된다. 1) 각 장은 수식어를 극도로 배제하여 논리전개를 명확하게 하고 있음을 확인하게 된다. 고시조는 시의 형식을 취하지만 언어로서 논리 정연한 문장이었다. 사고의 배치가 안정되고 전달내용이 정제되어서 의미의 혼란을 야기시키지 않았다. 2) 고시조는 의미와 의미의 연결을 확실히 하여 텍스트로서 단단히 결속되어 있음을 확인하게 된다. 즉 고시조는 어느 것이나 장과 장 사이에는 연결성(응결성, 응집성)이 확실하게 존재하고 있어 의미의 맥락이 정돈되고 마무리된다. 3) 종장의 앞에는 비록 생략되어있지만 의미상 '그래서' '그런데'라는 접속부사가 한정적으로 놓인다는 점이다. '그래서' '그런데' 가 놓여야 종장이 말하는 의미의 마무리가 확보하게 되는데 고시조는 이런 접속부사가 생략되어 나타나고 있다. 4) 시조의 각 후의 문장은 다음 4가지 형태로 짜여 있어서 안정된 기반을 갖추고 있음을 확인하게 된다. 일반적으로 정형시는 시행이 통사적 제약을 받는 경우가 많다. 한시(漢詩)의 칠언시(七言詩)의 경우는 의미맥락이 4와 3으로 나누어지는 것과 마찬가지로 고시조는 다음과 같이 짜여지고 있음을 알 수 있다. ㄱ) 주어구 + 서술어구 ㄴ) 전절 + 후절 ㄷ) 위치어 + 문(文) ㄹ) 목적어구 + 서술어구 이렇게 짜여 있기 때문에 시조를 일러 3장 6구라고 한다. 이것은 시조가 정형시임을 입증하는 요소가 되기도 한다. 이와 같이 볼 때, 시조형식을 음수율, 또는 음보율로 설명한다 해도 음수율을 가미한 음보율로서 설명되어야 하겠고, 문장구조상의 형식을 보충해야만 보다 충실한 시조형식을 설명하게 된다고 할 수 있겠다.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.317-327
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• 1993

Stands profiles, yearly changes in growth of annual rings, age and diameter structure, and spatial distribution pattern of individuals in the Pinus densiflora stands around the Yeocheon industrial complex were investigated. Growth of annual ring in Pinus densiflora, which survived when vegetation of this area was damaged by air pollutants, was suppressed for about 10 years since 1974 when factories in this area began to operate, but since then such suppressed growth tended to be recovered. It was supposed that the suppresed growth was originated from air pollution and that improvement of growth since the suppressed period was due to the release from competition with them by death of neighbouring trees and the resuction of the amount of air pollutants. Physiognomy of Pinus densiflora stands showed mosaic pattern composed of different patches. Spatial distribution pattern of individuals an stand profiles were similar to those of Pinus densiflora stands regenerated after natural and artificial disturbances. In an age distribution diagram, age of Pinus densiflora population ranged from 1 to 33 years, Among these individuals were recrited corresponded to the suppresed period of growth of annual ring in Pinus densiflora survived when the vegetation was damaged by air pollution. On the other hand, from the result of analysis of frequency distribution diagram of diameter, it was postulated that even if whis Pinus densiflora community can be maintained as it is for the time being, it might be changed to Quercus community with the lapse of time. Regeneration; Pinus densiflora; Air pollution; Annual ring; Age structure; Diameter structure; Quercus spp. In these analyses, factors for individual recognition and species recognition were suggested.

• 한국콘텐츠학회논문지
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• 제8권3호
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• pp.86-96
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• 2008

문자 일반의 체계적 발전의 토대는 기능성과 구조적 측면에서의 조형적 가치에 대한 인식으로 판단된다. 모아쓰기의 원리는 한글 타이포그래피의 핵심이라고 지칭할 수 있으며, 여기에 기능성과 조형성이 깊숙하게 자리잡고 있음을 판단할 수 있는데 이는 다양한 외부요인에 의한 조형적 변화는 물론 한글만의 특수한 자형결합의 원리로 인해 낱글자 내에서도 자음과 모음이 결합되어 공간구조가 발생하고 단어, 글줄, 단락으로 추가 결합되면서 이에 상응하는 제2, 제3의 공간 구조적 특성이 만들어지고, 이는 곧 타이포그래피의 핵심기능인 가독성에 지대한 영향을 미치게 된다. 이러한 맥락에서 볼 때 한글타이포그래피의 공간 구조적특성은 매우 중요한 요인으로 지적될 수 있는데, 우선 형태심리학적 시지각 법칙과 연관지어 검토하고, 이에 따른 네모틀 활자와 탈네모틀 활자를 비교하였다. 그리고 같은 문장의 글을 네모틀 활자와 탈네모틀 활자에 적용시키고 실험을 통해 기능성 즉, 가독성과 판독성을 검증하였다. 따라서 연구자는 한글 타이포그래피에서 공간 구조적 특성이 기능에 매우 많은 영향을 미치고 있는 것을 추출해 낼 수 있었으며 향후 디자인 관점에서 한글타이포그래피의 공간 구조적인 조형성은 커뮤니케이션의 기본개념인 소통과 유기적 관계를 형성함으로 조형적 원리에 입각한 한글 타이포그래피는 디자인뿐만 아닌 커뮤니케이션 환경에서 매우 중요한 요소임을 확인할 수 있었다.

• 음성과학
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.87-103
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• 2004

This study investigates Korean listeners' perception of the English stop epenthesis between the sonorant and fricative segments. Specifically this study investigates 1) how often English epenthetic stops are perceived by native Korean listeners, given the fact that Korean does not allow consonant clusters in codas; and 2) whether perception of the epenthetic stops, which are optional phonetic variations, not phonemes, could be improved without any explicit training. 120 English non-words with a mono-syllable structure of CVC1C2, where C1=/m, n, $\eta$, 1/, and C2=/s, $\theta$, $\int$/, were given to two groups of native Korean listeners, and they were asked to detect the target stops such as [p], [t], and [k]. The number of their responses were computed to determine how often listeners succeed in recovering the string of segments produced by the native English speaker. The results of the present study show that English epenthetic stops are poorly identified by native Korean listeners with low English proficiency, even in the case where stimuli with strong acoustic cues are provided with, but perception of epenthetic stops is closely related with listeners' English proficiency, showing the possibility of the improvement of perception. It further shows that perception of epenthetic stops shows asymmetry between coronal and non-coronal consonants.

• 한국멀티미디어학회논문지
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• 제7권3호
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• pp.418-426
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• 2004

본 논문에서는 음절간 상호정 보를 이용하여 한국어 복합명사의 역방향 분해 알고리즘을 제 안한다. 한국어 복합명사는 그 구조가 한자어에 의해 파생 한것이 대부분이며 음절 상호간 선호 음절이 존재하므로, 이 정보와 접사정보를 복합명사의 분해규칙으로 이용한다. 성능을 평가하기 위해 36061개의 복합명사를 이용하여 본 논문에서 제안한 알고리즘의 분해한 결과 99.3%의 분해 정확율을 얻었다. 실험과 관련한 기존 알고리즘간의 비교에서도 우수한 결과를 얻었으며, 특히 4음절과 5음절 복합명사의 경우 대부분 정확한 분해 결과를 얻었다.

• 말소리와 음성과학
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.57-65
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• 2015

This study aimed to identify the development pattern of final stop consonant perception using the gating task. Sixty-four subjects participated in the study: 16 children aged 4 years, 16 children aged 5 years, 17 children aged 6 years, and 15 adults. One-syllable words with consonant-vowel-consonant(CVC) structure, mokㄱ-motㄱ and papㄱ-patㄱ were used as stimuli in order to remove the redundancy of acoustic cues in stimulus words, 40ms-length (-40ms) and 60ms-length (-60ms) from the entire duration of the final consonant were deleted. Three conditions (the whole word segment, -40ms, -60ms) were used for this speech perception experiment. 48 tokens (4 stimuli ${\times}3$ conditions ${\times}4$ trials) in total were provided for participants. The results indicated that 5 and 6 year olds showed final consonant perception similar to adults in stimuli, papㄱ-patㄱ and only the 6-year-old children showed perception similar to adults in stimuli, 'mokㄱ-motㄱ. The results suggested that younger typically developing children require more acoustic information to accurately perceive final consonants than older children and adults. Final consonant perception ability may become adult-like around 6 years old. The study provides fundamental data on the development pattern of speech perception in normal developing children, which can be used to compare to those of children with communication disorders.

• 대한음성학회지:말소리
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• 제21_24호
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• pp.3-24
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• 1992

This study was designed to investigate the changes of phonological processes in normal Korean children aged from 2- to 6-years. Forty eight children who lived in Seoul or Kyung-Ki do were tested with a picture articulation test and their articulation errors including omissions, additions and substitutions were coded into phonological processes. Those phonological processes were discussed in several ways: syllable structure, place, manner, assimilation, tenseness, and aspiration of sounds. Data were analyzed by two ways: (1) number of subjects who showed each process and (2) percentage of occurrence of each process. Analyses in omission-addition processes demonstrated that postvocalic omission occurred most frequently, followed by velar-, alveolar-, and glottal omission. Analyses in substitution processes showed that fronting (palatal and velar), backing (alveolar), and alveolization occurred most frequently in terms of the place of sounds. In terms of assimilation, alveolar-, stopping, and aspiration assimilation occurred frequently. Analyses by the tenseness and aspiration showed similar occurrences among the 4 processes, with slightly higher occurrences in tensing and aspiration than lanxing and deaspiration. All of the processes decreased by age. The numbers of the processes showed by more than half of the children or exceeded 10％ of occurrence were 20 in 2-years of age, 10 in 3-years of age, 1 in 4-years of age, and none in ages of 5 and 6.