• Proceedings of the KSPS conference
• /
• 2000.07a
• /
• pp.189-198
• /
• 2000

/$t{\partial}n$/, /$d{\partial}n$/, /$t{\partial}l$/ and /d{\partial}l$/, on the one hand, are the typical phonemes of syllabic consonants. On the other hand, /${\int}{\partial}n$/ most plausibly gives rise to the syllabic consonants. /$t{\partial}r$/ and /$d{\partial}r/ can he syllabic. However, because lip-rounded consonants strengthen the character of consonantal phonemes, they are not so appropriate. Apart from phonemes, some familiar words also could be almost always syllabic. From the historical perspective, we can say that the position of syllabic consonants is typically the second syllables of two-syllabic words and 1.hat the underlying schwa does not always exist. In terms of the syllable structure, the syllables which include syllabic consonants are totally different from both stressed syllables and the other unstressed syllables.

• Speech Sciences
• /
• v.7 no.3
• /
• pp.87-98
• /
• 2000

Timing in speech is determined by many factors. In this paper, we introduce and discuss some factors that have generally been regarded as important in speech timing. They include stress, syllable structure, consonant insertion or deletion, tempo, lengthening at clause, phrase and word boundaries, preconsonantal vowel shortening, and compensation between segments or within phonological units (e.g., word, foot), compression due to the increase of syllables in word or foot level, etc. and each of them may playa crucial role in the structuring of speech timing in a language. But some of these timing factors must interact with each other rather than be independent and the effects of each factor on speech timing will vary from language to language. On the other hand, there could well be many other factors unknown so far. Finding out and investigating new timing factors and reinterpreting the already-known timing factors should enhance our understanding of timing structures in a given language or languages.

• MALSORI
• /
• no.19_20
• /
• pp.58-87
• /
• 1990

According to Government Phonology, at 1 phonological positions save the domain's head must be licensed in order to appear in the syllable structure. A non-nuclear head is licensed by the following nucleus, and the nuclei with phonetic content are licensed through government by the nuclear head of the domain at the level of the nuclear projection. Therefore, in the theory of Government Phonology it is claimed that words always end with a nucleus. With regard to the licensing of empty nuclei, Kaye(1990a) proposes the 'Empty Category Principle' and its sub-theory of 'Projection Government'. Government Phonology claims that a nucleus which dominates a vowel that regularly undergoes elision in certain contexts is underlyingly empty. This underlying empty nucleus is not manifested phonetically when it is properly governed by an unlicensed(i, e, a nucleus filled with a full vowel). It is when proper government fails to apply, that the empty nucleus is phonetically Interpreted. The purpose of this paper is to present a principled account of the process of $[i]{\Leftrightarrow}{\emptyset}$ alternation in Korean. Following Kaye's proposal, we assume that [i] of Korean is underlyingly empty. This position is pronounced as [i] if it is unlicensed, and is not phonetically realized if is licensed. Empty nuclei ape devided into two categories: domain-internal and domain-final. Firstly, we consider the question why Korean has little word ending with [i]. As for this, ECP states that domain-final empty nuclei are not pronounced if the language licenses domain-final empty nuclei. Whether a final empty nucleus may occur in the structure is parametric variation. This property is seen from the fact that words may appear to end in consonants in this language. Since Korean abounds with words ending in a consonant, it licenses domain-final empty nuclei. Therefore, it is quite natural that Korean has little word ending with [i]. Secondly, word-internal empty nuclei of Korean respect proper government and inter-onset government. That is, an empty nucleus in word-internal position will be pronounced with the vowel [i] if either proper government or inter-onset government fail to apply. Inter-onset government refers to the government established between two onsets across an empty nucleus. Thirdly, we consider words ending with [i], which seems to be exceptional to the final licensing. Host of them are. either mono-syllabic verbs(for instance, [s'i-] 'to write') or derived adjectives ending with [p'i] (for instance, [kip'i-] 'be happy'). As for the former, the 'inaccessibility for proper government' is applied because the empty nucleus appears in the first syllable. In latter case, domain-final empty nuclei are pronounced as [i] because of government-licensing. That is, final empty nucleus is pronounced to license the preceding onset dominating negatively charmed segments which empty nucleus of Korean cannot license.

• Sijohaknonchong
• /
• v.30
• /
• pp.147-164
• /
• 2009

The conclusion of this paper is as follows. First, the authentic syllable count of sijo can be summed up as following: Second, the structure of the statement can be summed up as following: 1) Each statement extremely excludes the use of modifiers to clarify the development of the logic. 2) The meaning of each of the three statement, chojang (the 1st statement), jungjang (the middle statement) and jongjang (the last statement), is connected to the previous one closely, so the text as a whole is perfect. 3) The last statement identifies itself as the conversion or conclusion of the whole text. Therefore, the last statement should begin with a connective adverb like 'Therefore' or 'Then'. But in ancient sijo works, this sort of connected adverb is normally omitted. 4) Each statement of sijo is composed of one of the 4 structures suggested below: a) subjective phrase + predicative phrase b) the formal clause + the latter clause c) location-indicating phrase + sentence d) objective phrase + predicative phrase Since the text of a sijo work is formed like this, sijo is said to be composed of three jang (statement) & six gu (phrase), which is the very feature that proves that sijo is a fixed form of verse.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
• /
• v.16 no.3
• /
• pp.317-327
• /
• 1993

Stands profiles, yearly changes in growth of annual rings, age and diameter structure, and spatial distribution pattern of individuals in the Pinus densiflora stands around the Yeocheon industrial complex were investigated. Growth of annual ring in Pinus densiflora, which survived when vegetation of this area was damaged by air pollutants, was suppressed for about 10 years since 1974 when factories in this area began to operate, but since then such suppressed growth tended to be recovered. It was supposed that the suppresed growth was originated from air pollution and that improvement of growth since the suppressed period was due to the release from competition with them by death of neighbouring trees and the resuction of the amount of air pollutants. Physiognomy of Pinus densiflora stands showed mosaic pattern composed of different patches. Spatial distribution pattern of individuals an stand profiles were similar to those of Pinus densiflora stands regenerated after natural and artificial disturbances. In an age distribution diagram, age of Pinus densiflora population ranged from 1 to 33 years, Among these individuals were recrited corresponded to the suppresed period of growth of annual ring in Pinus densiflora survived when the vegetation was damaged by air pollution. On the other hand, from the result of analysis of frequency distribution diagram of diameter, it was postulated that even if whis Pinus densiflora community can be maintained as it is for the time being, it might be changed to Quercus community with the lapse of time. Regeneration; Pinus densiflora; Air pollution; Annual ring; Age structure; Diameter structure; Quercus spp. In these analyses, factors for individual recognition and species recognition were suggested.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
• /
• v.8 no.3
• /
• pp.86-96
• /
• 2008

General development basis of letter system is recognized by formative value in terms of its function and structure. principle of clustered writing is the most significant feature of Hangeul typography as considered that it is based on function and formativeness. Thus, not only by changes with its form but also by its characteristic syllable combination, space structure is made as consonants and vowels are combined in single letter, then the combination develop into word, sentence, paragraph to make second, third space structure character. This character has significant impact on readability that is core function of typography. With this property, space structure character is regarded as very important component of Hangeul typography. First, space structure character of Hangeul typography is reviewed by relating it to visual perception of gestalt psychology and compared square-framed letter and framed latter By applying square-framed letter and framed latter in same sentence, legibility and readability were studied. Researcher has found that space structure character of Hangeul typography has significant impact on its function, and in terms of future design, it is very critical not only for design but also for communication environment as space structure formativeness of Hangeul typography interact with communication that is basic concept.

• Speech Sciences
• /
• v.11 no.1
• /
• pp.87-103
• /
• 2004

This study investigates Korean listeners' perception of the English stop epenthesis between the sonorant and fricative segments. Specifically this study investigates 1) how often English epenthetic stops are perceived by native Korean listeners, given the fact that Korean does not allow consonant clusters in codas; and 2) whether perception of the epenthetic stops, which are optional phonetic variations, not phonemes, could be improved without any explicit training. 120 English non-words with a mono-syllable structure of CVC1C2, where C1=/m, n, $\eta$, 1/, and C2=/s, $\theta$, $\int$/, were given to two groups of native Korean listeners, and they were asked to detect the target stops such as [p], [t], and [k]. The number of their responses were computed to determine how often listeners succeed in recovering the string of segments produced by the native English speaker. The results of the present study show that English epenthetic stops are poorly identified by native Korean listeners with low English proficiency, even in the case where stimuli with strong acoustic cues are provided with, but perception of epenthetic stops is closely related with listeners' English proficiency, showing the possibility of the improvement of perception. It further shows that perception of epenthetic stops shows asymmetry between coronal and non-coronal consonants.

• Journal of Korea Multimedia Society
• /
• v.7 no.3
• /
• pp.418-426
• /
• 2004

This paper suggests a reverse segmentation Algorithm using affix information and some preference pattern information of Korean compound nouns. The structure of Korean compound nouns are mostly derived from the Chinese characters and it includes some preference patterns, which are going to be utilized as a segmentation rule in this paper. To evaluate the accuracy of the proposed algorithm, an experiment was performed with 36061 compound nouns. The experiment resulted in getting 99.3% of correct segmentation and showed excellent satisfactory result from the comparative experimentation with other algorithm, especially most of the four or five-syllable compound nouns were successfully segmented without fail.

• Phonetics and Speech Sciences
• /
• v.7 no.1
• /
• pp.57-65
• /
• 2015

This study aimed to identify the development pattern of final stop consonant perception using the gating task. Sixty-four subjects participated in the study: 16 children aged 4 years, 16 children aged 5 years, 17 children aged 6 years, and 15 adults. One-syllable words with consonant-vowel-consonant(CVC) structure, mokㄱ-motㄱ and papㄱ-patㄱ were used as stimuli in order to remove the redundancy of acoustic cues in stimulus words, 40ms-length (-40ms) and 60ms-length (-60ms) from the entire duration of the final consonant were deleted. Three conditions (the whole word segment, -40ms, -60ms) were used for this speech perception experiment. 48 tokens (4 stimuli ${\times}3$ conditions ${\times}4$ trials) in total were provided for participants. The results indicated that 5 and 6 year olds showed final consonant perception similar to adults in stimuli, papㄱ-patㄱ and only the 6-year-old children showed perception similar to adults in stimuli, 'mokㄱ-motㄱ. The results suggested that younger typically developing children require more acoustic information to accurately perceive final consonants than older children and adults. Final consonant perception ability may become adult-like around 6 years old. The study provides fundamental data on the development pattern of speech perception in normal developing children, which can be used to compare to those of children with communication disorders.

• MALSORI
• /
• no.21_24
• /
• pp.3-24
• /
• 1992

This study was designed to investigate the changes of phonological processes in normal Korean children aged from 2- to 6-years. Forty eight children who lived in Seoul or Kyung-Ki do were tested with a picture articulation test and their articulation errors including omissions, additions and substitutions were coded into phonological processes. Those phonological processes were discussed in several ways: syllable structure, place, manner, assimilation, tenseness, and aspiration of sounds. Data were analyzed by two ways: (1) number of subjects who showed each process and (2) percentage of occurrence of each process. Analyses in omission-addition processes demonstrated that postvocalic omission occurred most frequently, followed by velar-, alveolar-, and glottal omission. Analyses in substitution processes showed that fronting (palatal and velar), backing (alveolar), and alveolization occurred most frequently in terms of the place of sounds. In terms of assimilation, alveolar-, stopping, and aspiration assimilation occurred frequently. Analyses by the tenseness and aspiration showed similar occurrences among the 4 processes, with slightly higher occurrences in tensing and aspiration than lanxing and deaspiration. All of the processes decreased by age. The numbers of the processes showed by more than half of the children or exceeded 10％ of occurrence were 20 in 2-years of age, 10 in 3-years of age, 1 in 4-years of age, and none in ages of 5 and 6.