• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.13 no.6
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• pp.497-502
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• 2009

Exercise-mediated physical treatment has attracted much recent interest. In particular, swimming is a representative exercise treatment method recommended for patients experiencing muscular and cardiovascular diseases. The present study sought to design a swimming-based exercise treatment management system. A survey questionnaire was completed by participants to assess the prevalence of muscular and cardiovascular diseases among adult males and females participating in swimming programs at sport centers in metropolitan regions of country. Using the Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) technique, weighted values of indices were determined, to maximize participant clarity. A patient management system model was devised using information technology. The favorable results are evidence of the validity of this approach. Additionally, the swimming-based exercise management system can be supplemented together with analyses of weighted values considering connectivity between established indices.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.498-502
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• 2015

Yukmijihwang-tang (YM) is a well-known prescription to treat kidney inflammation on Korea. However, the effects of YM on maximal exercise performance (MEP) is not-well investigated. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the effects of YM on MEP using forced swimming test (FST) model. Mice were largely divided into three group; a non-swimming group, saline treated-swimming load test group, and YM treated-swimming load group. Swimming load test groups were re-divided into swimming control group (Control), YM fed group (YM). YM was administrated orally for 2 weeks before FST. After FST, immobility time, oxygen consumption was measured by physiological test, and serum was collected for biochemical analysis. FST induced MEP identified by increased immobility, oxygen consumption, and biochemical factors. Immobility time was significantly reduced by YM treatment compared with control group. Oxygen consumption was also significantly reduced by YM treatment. The increase on lactic acid and lactate dehydrogenase after FST was inhibited by YM　treatment. In addition, consumption of energy source (free fatty acid, and triglyceride) and recovery of energy was enhanced by YM treatment after FST. In conclusion, YM inhibited the elevation of immobility time, oxygen consumption, and biochemical factors after FST. YM could be used as a beneficial agents to enhance maximal endurance exercise performance and an effective ergogenic aid in exercise training.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.283-289
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• 2008

Lepidium meyenii, known as Maca, is traditionally employed in the Andean region for its supposed properties to improve energy and fertility. In the present study, we investigated the effects of gelatinized and fermented Maca on improvement of physical stamina and epididymal sperm counts, and on blood biochemical parameters related to fatigue and tissue injury: creatine phosphokinase, aspartate transaminase, lactate dehydrogenase, blood urea nitrogen, glucose, total cholesterol and total proteins. Adult male mice was divided at random into two main groups (resting and excercise groups). The excercise group was separated into three subgroups (exercise only, exercise with gelatinized Maca and fermented Maca-treatment groups). Gelatinized or fermented Maca (800 mg/kg) were orally administered for 30 days. All animals in exercise groups were subjected to daily 30-min swimming for 28 days 30 min after Maca treatment. Daily exercise decreased the body weight gain, and fermented Maca further attenuated the body weight increase. Gelatinized and fermented Maca significantly increased the maximum swimming time on 14 and 28 days of treatment (p<0.05), respectively, suggestive of a long-term stamina-enhancing effect of fermented Maca. Both Maca fully or significantly recovered blood parameters of energy as well as muscular and hepatocytic injuries changed by repeated exercise and maximum swimming performance (p<0.01). Moreover, gelatinized and fermented Maca increased epididymal sperm counts 22.0% and 32.0%, respectively. In conclusion, the results indicate potential benefits of Maca for improving both physical stamina by minimizing muscular and hepatic damage and preserving energy during swimming exercise and male reproductive function by increasing epididymal sperm counts.

• Korean Journal of Exercise Nutrition
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.203-209
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• 2009

Periventricular leukomalacia (PVL) is a common white matter lesion affecting the neonatal brains. PVL is closely associated with cerebral palsy (CP). It has been suggested that maternal or placental infection can induce damage to the neonatal brains. In the present study, we investigated the effects of treadmill running and swimming of rat pups on the GFAP and MBP expressions in the brains of rat pups with maternal lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced CP. The rats were divided into the six groups for experiment 1: the control group, the control with mild exercise group, the control with moderate exercise group, the LPS-treated group, the LPS-treated with mild exercise group, and the LPS-treated with moderate exercise group (n=6 in each group). The rats in the running groups were forced to run on a motorized treadmill for 30 min 5 times a week for 4 weeks. For experiment 2, the rats were divided into four groups: the control group, the LPS-treated group, the LPS-treated with swimming group, and the LPS-treated with treadmill running group (n = 5 in each group). The rats in the swimming group were made to swim for 30 min once a day for 5 times per week during 2 weeks. The rats in the treadmill running group were made to run for 30 min once a day for 5 times per week during 2 weeks. The present results showed that intracervical maternal LPS injection during pregnancy significantly increased GFAP expression in the striatum and significantly decreased MBP expression in the corpus callosum of rat pups. The present results also showed that treadmill running and swimming significantly suppressed GFAP expression and significantly enhanced MBP expression in the brains of rat pups with maternal LPS-induced CP. This effect of treadmill running was shown as equally both in the mild-intensity exercise and in the moderate-intensity exercise. The present study revealed that exercise, both the treadmill running and swimming, is effective for the treatment of astrogliosis and hypomyelination associated with CP. Here in this study, we showed that treadmill running and swimming are effective for alleviating the detrimental effects of CP.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.418-424
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• 2014

Purpose: This study was performed to investigate the effect of joint mobilization on pain relief and cartilage repair in an induced osteoarthritis rat model by analyzing the expression of heat shock protein 70 in articular cartilage. Methods: MIA was injected into SD rats to induce osteoarthritis. These rats were divided into 4 groups: control group (n=30), no further treatment after the MIA injection ; experimental group I(n=30), performed swimming exercise after the MIA injection experimental group II (n=30), underwent joint mobilization after the MIA injection and experimental group III (n=30), performed swimming exercise and underwent joint mobilization after the MIA injection. For the histologic and pathophysiologic evaluation, safranin-O staining and for the immunohistochemical evaluation, the expression of HSP 70 in articular cartilage was analyzed 1, 7, 14, and 21 days after the MIA injection. Results: The inflammatory response and loss of tissue declined in experimental groups I and II over time, whereas the greatest decreases were noted in experimental group III. In the articular cartilage, low expression of HSP 70 was observed in every group on day 1, whereas HSP 70 expression was elevated on days 7 and 14 in experimental groups II and III. After 21 days, experimental group II displayed the strongest positive reaction, whereas HSP 70 was higher in experimental group III at this time point compared to that after 14 days. Conclusion: Our results showed that swimming exercise and joint mobilization had positive effects on pain relief and histologic and functional recovery in an induced osteoarthritis rat model.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.48 no.1
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• pp.43-49
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• 2021

Objective: Exercise is a risk factor for infertility in women. However, research on the effects of different intensities of exercise on folliculogenesis has not yielded clear results. This study was conducted to analyze the effects of differences in the intensity of exercise on folliculogenesis in mice. Methods: Nineteen female BALB/c mice (age, 3-4 months; weight, 13-25 g) were randomly divided into four groups: control, mild exercise, moderate exercise, and high-intensity exercise. The mice in the exercise groups engaged in swimming, with additional loads of 3%, 6%, or 9% of body weight, respectively. There were five swimming sessions per week for 4 weeks, with a gradually increasing duration every week. At the end of the treatment, ovarian extraction was carried out and hematoxylin and eosin staining was performed to identify folliculogenesis. Results: There were significant differences in the number of total follicles between the control and moderate-exercise groups (p=0.036) and between the mild- and moderate-exercise groups (p=0.005). The mean number of primary follicles was higher in the moderate-exercise group than in the mild-exercise group (p=0.006). The mean number of secondary, tertiary, and Graafian follicles did not differ significantly among groups (p≥0.05). However, the number of total follicles and follicles in each phase tended to increase after exercise, especially moderate-intensity exercise. Conclusion: Exercise of different intensities affected the total number of follicles and primary follicles. The number of follicles of each phase tended to increase after exercise. Moderate-intensity exercise had better effects than other intensities of exercise.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.648-655
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• 2005

Effects of two types of formula designed for commercial product on forced-swimming capacity and related biochemical parameters of Sprague-Dawley rats were evaluated. Treatment groups were fed diet supplemented with 4.56% formula A (EFA: exercise-trained and formula A-supplemented group) or B (EFB: exercise-trained and formula B-supplemented group) for 4 weeks. All groups were regularly trained twice a week to be accustomed to swimming. After 4 weeks, each group was divided into two subgroups: 90 min swimming (90-min subgroups) and swimming until exhaustion (all-out subgroups). Serum was collected, and skeletal muscles were dissected out after swimming. Forced-swimming time until exhaustion was significantly longer (p<0.05) in EFA and EFB groups than that of exercised control group. Among 90-min subgroups, serum ammonia level of EFB group was significantly lower than that of exercised control group (p<0.05). Among all-out subgroups, serum lactate levels were not significantly different among exercised control and treatment groups, whereas serum-free fatty acid levels of EFA and EFB groups were significantly lower than that of exercised control group (p<0.05). In conclusion, EFA and EFB groups enhanced forced swimming capacity of rats by increasing fat utilization and delaying accumulation of serum fatigue factor.

• The Journal of Korean Obstetrics and Gynecology
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.155-163
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• 2007

Purpose: This study was conducted to investigate the muscle anti-fatigue effects of Morindae officinalis Radix liquid extract. Methods: 4-6 weeks old ICR rats are used in the study, and we administered the extracts powder of Morinda officinalis concentration of 1, 10, 100mg/0.3 ml to each to rats(MO group) once a day for each 30 and 60 days. After 30 and 60 days, we examined the plasma concentraion of lactate dehydrogenase, glucose. And we measured the persistent time of swimming exercise test and conducted grip strength test Results: We found that there are no significantly differences between the control and the treatment group in the plasma concentration of activity level of lactate dehydrogenase. And we found that in 30days group, level of glucose concentration is significant. In swimming exercise test, as administration time and concetration growed up, swimming time is increased. And in grip strength test, as concentraion is growed up, grip strength is increased. Conclusion: This study show that Morinda officinalis is effective against muscle fatigue.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.37 no.5
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• pp.1125-1137
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• 2020

This study investigated whether swimming exercise suppresses(: inhibites) the inflammatory response in adipose tissue in obese mice induced by a high fat diet after ovariectomy in female mice. Experimental group and control group were divided into sham-opereated group (Sham), ovariectomized group (OVX), and ovariectomized group with swimming exercise (OVX/Ex). All female mice fed high fat diet (45% fat) for 8 weeks. Compared with the Sham, the OVX increased the weight of visceral adipose tissue including parametrial, retroperitoneal, and mesenteric adipose tissue. Compared to the OVX, the OVX/Ex demonstrated reductions the weight of visceral adipose tissue. Compared to the Sham, the OVX decreased the mRNA expression of IκBα and increased the mRNA expression of inflammatory cytokines (L-6, MCP-1, TNF-α and leptin) in adipose tissue. But the OVX/Ex appeared to increase the mRNA expression of IκBα and decrease the mRNA expression of inflammatory cytokines in adipose tissue, compared with the OVX. This findings suggested that swimming exercise is useful for preventing adipose tissue inflammation, which will be effective in the prevention and treatment of obesity in obese mice induced obesity by a high fat diet after ovariectomy.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.84-91
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• 2003

Sasang Constitutional Medicine (SCM) is based on the theory of Sasang (Taeyang, Soyang, Taeum, Soeum) in Traditional Korean Medicine (TKM). It is hypothesized that all of the things in the material world can be divided into the four categories of SCM. We made a new attempt to combine nutritive components, and patterns in physical activities with SCM. At first, we hypothetically divided the nutrients into 4 compartments according to SCM theory, and human body composition as well. These factors could be basically related to Sasangin Exercise Treatment (SET). Therefore, we applied sasangin theory to exercise prescription. As a research method, we hypothesized that human beings' types can be distinguished by mind and body. Mind was focused on exercise psychological aspects, and body also handled by nutrients, body compositions, body shapes, and exercise physiological aspects. For application of sasang theory to the exercise prescriptions, Taeumin as a sample sasangin was selected in this study. We concluded that in perspective of general traits, Taeumin have to reduce their carbohydrate intake volume, but greatly increase their intake of vitamins, minerals, and water in daily diet. They are also recommended exercises that can increase cardiorespiratory function and make them sweat, like endurance running, hiking, swimming, cycling, etc.