• Journal of architectural history
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.19-28
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• 2020

This study examines the process to demolish official buildings of Joseon Dynasty in Suwon Hwaseong during Japanese colonial period. King Jeongjo built the new Suwon city and constructed the city fortress. Hwaseong Hawnggung and other official buildings were also built in Suwon Hwaseong. However Those buildings were demolished gradually and lost their identity during Japanese colonial period. The official buildings of Hwaseong Haenggung were classified into nine parts. 1) Central area of Hwaseong Haenggung 2)Nangnamheon(落南軒) 3)Uhwaguan(于華館) 4)Namgunyeong(南軍營) 5)Bukgunyeong(北軍營) 6)Gangmudang(講武堂) 7)Yiah(貳衙) 8)Jungyeong(中營) 9) Hoeryungjun(會寧殿). Bukgunyeong was the first demolished building in Suwon Hwaseong. Nangnamheon and Hwaryungjun were not destroyed during Japanese Colonial Period. from 1910s to 1930s most official buildings were demolished and new buildings were rebuilt.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.90-102
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• 2008

This paper has aimed to determine how the Suwon Palkyong(水原八景: eight scenic wonders) were formed and the implicature of landscape, such as implicit intention and symbolic significance. For this, the significance and symbolic meaning of the Suwon Palkyong from the time of the 'Hwaseong Chunchu Palgyeong(華城春 秋入景)' have been investigated in order to determine the political and social arguments in Suwon Palkyong that surrounded the formation process and meaning. The 'Hwaseong Chunchu Palkyong' contains a variety of significant elements and factors of Pungmul(Korean drum & dance) as well as formative elements such as a castle. Plantings for beautiful scenery and water use for flood control have also been major elements in the development of Hwaseong. Therefore, it seems that the 'Hwaseong Chunchu Palkyong' is a catchphrase for the future image of the urban landscape. Most Suwon Palkyong sites such as Paldalsan, Namje, Yungneung, Manseokgeo, Chukmanje, Hwahongmun, and Yongji(a pond in Banghwa Suryujeong) are related to the 'Hwaseong Chunchu Palkyong'. 'Gwanggyo Jeokseol(光敎積雪: the landmark mountain, Mt. Gwanggyo with snow)' and 'Paldal Cheongnam(八達晴嵐: Mt. Paldal with shimmering air)' have also been added to Suwon Palkyong. Suwon Palkyong is either directly or indirectly related with water including the origin of Suwoncheon(水原川), an artificial reservoir for flood control and irrigation and Bibopungsu in Yungneung(隆陵), as well as the source of water for rituals after the death of King Jeongjo(正祖大王). Based on Suwon Palkyong, therefore, it can be said that water is a decisive medium in connecting old Suwon with Hwaseong New Town and essential element in the natural landscape. In conclusion, while Hwaseong is a 'Designed Landscape' that was created with a specific intention during the reign of King Jeongjo, the 'Hwaseong Chunchu Palkyong is a 'Desired Landscape' that envisioned a future landscape while Suwon Palkyong is an 'Evolved Landscape' related to the business affairs of the citizens. To completely restore Hwaseong, whose value and importance have been recognized internationally, therefore, the fundamental restoration of a cultural landscape as well as the restoration of the original form of the Hwaseong landscape including Suwon Palkyong is essential.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.21-27
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• 2020

Completed in September 1796, Suwon Hwaseong Fortress is a defense facility with 49 facilities spanning 5,744m. During the Japanese occupation and the Korean War, many buildings and walls were damaged, and in 1975, it was restored to its current state through the restoration and restoration project in Suwon. Six of the entire facilities have not been restored by urbanization, of which the restoration of water spaces, including ditches buried in the ground, could be used as a place of rest and viewing for visitors. Tourists visiting Suwon Hwaseong, are satisfied with exploring the historic sites, but feel insufficient for enjoying the natural scenery around the castle. The best way to create a natural landscape in Suwon Hwaseong, where urbanization has been developed, is to create a water space to make you feel the traditional garden. Therefore, the location, shape, and functions of the unrestored water space of Hwaseong Fortress were analyzed through the analysis of 『Hwaseong Seongyeog Uigwe』 and 『Hwaseong Full Map』. The purpose of this study is to derive the traditional landscaping method by analyzing the characteristics of water space.

• Journal of Korea Entertainment Industry Association
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.61-73
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• 2020

The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between educational attainment, history, tourism, psychological benefits, educational benefits, and hedonic benefits on visitors 'intention, and to provide Suwon Hwaseong' We propose a suggestion point. The implications of this study are as follows. First, the participants of Suwon Hwaseong Fortress are not only aware of the fact that the meaning of Mars is simply a stone build-up, but also a place to learn Korean history, experience various cultural experiences and attractions, Should be developed and made available to tourists. Second, the officials of Suwon Hwaseong Fortress should develop educational materials to understand the history of Mars as the representative history of Korean history. Furthermore, contents that show the superiority of Suwon Hwaseong in comparison with various world cultures It is necessary to provide policy support so that it can be developed and provided. Third, the officials of Suwon Hwaseong Fortress will have to worry about the development of culture prototype that can be excavated as a tourism factor when visitors visit and how to provide contents. In order to make sure that tourists do not inconvenience during sightseeing, It should be enough. Finally, the officials of Suwon Hwaseong should provide various entertainment factors around Hwaseong, and should try to create a desire to visit Hwaseong through a systematic PR method.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.7-16
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• 2021

This study examines changes and features of provincial office buildings in Suwon and Chungju after relocation during Japanese occupation. Gyeonggi and Chungbuk provincial offices(Gwanchalbu) were relocated by Japan. Gyeonggi Provincial Office in Suwon used HwaseongHaenggung buildings and moved to Seoul in 1910. After relocation, most of HwaseongHaenggung buildings used for Suwon Governmental hospital(JaHye Uiwon). Suwongun Office, Suwon public elementary school, Japanese Military and Suwon Police station also used HwaseongHaenggung buildings with the Hospital. At first, Japan remodeled local government buildings for their use. Most of HwaseongHaenggung buildings had been destroyed to build new buildings since 1920s. Chungbuk Provincial office in Chungju used DongHeon building which is Chungju local government building and relocated to Cheongju in 1908. DongHeon building changed to Chungju county office after relocation. This building was renovated. Chungju county office moved to other site, this building was used for Chungju county conference room. During Japanese colonial period, Suwon local government buildings were destroyed and replaced with new Japanese style buildings. Chungju local government buildings were also renovated or destroyed.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.59-66
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• 2013

This study progressed an investigation on the cause of the efflorescence phenomenon of bricks in Suwon Hwaseong Fortress, which is designated as a UNESCO World Heritage by using diverse scientific analyses. The samples were taken in Hwaseong and analyzed using XRD and SEM-EDS for the material identification of efflorescence. We observed under a polarizing microscope and measured absorption factors for the basic investigation for traditional bricks. As a result of material identification, soluble salt($Na_2SO_4$, $KNO_3$) and insoluble salt($CaCO_3$) were detected. There was no big difference between original bricks and repaired bricks under the polarizing microscope. However, in terms of the water absorption rate, bricks which were used for repair nowadays showed low water absorption rate(1%). In conclusion, soluble salt and insoluble salt appeared due to an effect of an air pollution and joint mortar. Soluble salt was removed in the rainy season, but insoluble salt was not removed. As a result of the efficiency and safety tests for chemicals removing efflorescence, chemical E is likely to be the suitable chemicals for the efflorescence phenomenon of traditional bricks in Suwon Hwaseong Fortress. In the future, consideration whether the use of lime is available or not should be studied through comprehensive researches including repair work, construction work and the environment factor with lime. Also, physical, chemical identifications of repairing bricks will be required.

• Journal of the Architectural Institute of Korea Planning & Design
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.23-29
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• 2020

The latest urban planning is taking advantage of the city's spatiality, and its weight is increasing. The spatiality of the city extends to the three-dimensional air space, including the underground space and the surface space, and this is the relative location of land-use situations utilizing the characteristics of the feng shui geography. In this study, the urban planning of the Suwon Department and the construction process of the Suwon Hwaseong Fortress were analyzed based on the feng shui geography, using the topography and geographical features of Paldal Mountain as the center of the data. Natural-friendly urban planning is required to adapt to natural laws and to preserve and share the ecosystem while harmonizing with the surrounding environment.

• Journal of the Korean housing association
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.21-28
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• 2015

The purpose of this paper is to estimate and deduct appropriate Hanok type within Suwon Hwaseong Fortress in which formula Hanok type has not remained. To do so, urban change according to chronology is analyzed and architectural aspect of transition is collected. By using geographic information in Suwon Hwaseong Fortress, present urban structural density, status of architecture and chronological aspect of transition in one-story buildings is surveyed. Through these data, appropriate Hanok form and density to the area is suggested. As a result, Hanok with two or more stories is economically suitable because its average plottage is excessively narrow. And back trowelling is desirable to construct walls in some concentrated areas with Hanok through arrangement of construction. Also in the other building sites, Hanoks are formed by a standard for separation to the property line. However it is necessary that exist standard about separation of property line is institutionally alleviated.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.100-107
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• 2014

Traditional architectural space, which is a historical cultural heritage must be connected mutually as a organic flow of various elements such as the environment of the time, political background and values, rather than approaching with fragmentary point of view. The Silhak Philosophy, the basis of late Chosun society developed equity thoughts on the basis of ideology of humanism, and it asserted the promotion of technology and industry as a measure to realize the pursuit of truth which is practically useful. Thus, we could verify the possibility of convergent interpretation of cultural technology of Hwaseong architectural space through the humanistic viewpoint of pioneer spirit of Silhak Philosophy which regards human as a main agent of desire of life, and the pursuit of truth which is useful for reality, and the realization of ethical value by aesthetic practicalism. Based on this, the ontological meaning and value of Suwon Hwaseong by the viewpoint of convergence of culture and technology have been drawn as the construction of planned new town by the practice of filial duty, the plan of city space based on rational values, the realization of a metropolis where self-sufficient economic activities are possible, the introduction of thorough construction management system, the introduction of advanced culture and its creative application, and the application of scientifical knowledges and cutting-edge technology.

• The Korean Journal of Community Living Science
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.15-20
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• 2005

To identify and compare the nutritional composition of different kinds of citrus, three examples (Citrus fruit, Kumquat, and Hallabong) were taken from Jeju island in Korea at the same time and their nutritional compositions were measured using the Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC) method. The proximate components (moisture, protein, fat, fiber, ash, and carbohydrates), mineral and vitamin contents were measured. The Nutrient composition revealed some significant differences among the Citrus. The Citrus fruit has more moisture and Fe content than those of the Kumquat. The Kumquat contained more ash, Ca, Na, Mg, Zn, Vitamin A, and B1 than the other Citrus specimens, while the Hallabong had the most protein and Fe. However, fiber, K, Vitamin B₂, C and niacin contents were not significantly different among the specimens. The results demonstrate that the three kinds of citrus used in this study have different nutritional compositions, but they can all be used as a good food for supplementation of K, vitamin A and C. We hope the nutritional analysis of Citrus specimens will be helpful in meeting the consumer's interest in these Citrus, and increase the export of our Citrus produce.