• Proceedings of the KOSOMBE Conference
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• v.1993 no.11
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• pp.23-26
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• 1993

In MR functional imaging, it is shown that the signal change during photic activation is composed of two terms, i.e. the inflow effect and the susceptibility effect. Relatively the inflow effect affects the data obtained by CGE on the condition of short $T_E$(15ms) and large $\alpha$(90degree). The susceptibility effect, however, mainly contributes to the data on the condition of large $T_E$(35ms) and small $\alpha$(30degree). In this apper, we will discriminate the susceptibility effect for the intermingled data affected both flow effect and susceptibility effect. Finally susceptibility only functional imaging is proposed by using TRFGE.

• Journal of Biomedical Engineering Research
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.395-402
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• 1995

The intravoxel spin phases in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) usually vary due to susceptibility differences of materials to be imaged. The phase variation in the voxel results in a reduction of the signal intensity. This signal intensity reduction is known as the susceptibility effect in MRI and has been studied extensively. In this paper, a new spectral decomposition technique Is proposed and the signal change due to the susceptibility effect can be analyzed. A pulse sequence for the spectral decomposition of the susceptibility was developed and applied to susceptibility imaging of venous blood possessing paramagnetic properties. The computer simulations and their corresponding experimental results obtained using both a phantom and human volunteers are reported. Key words : susceptibility effect in MRI : spectral decomposition of susceptibility effect.

• Journal of Biomedical Engineering Research
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.525-534
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• 1996

We have developed a fast steady state free precession interferometry (SSFPI) technique which is useful for the fMRl (functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging). As is known, SSFP sequence with a suitable adjustment of Vadient (readeut) allows us to measure precession angle 6 which in tw relates to the field inhomogeneity. Combining the two pulses (known as FID and Echo) in FADE (Fast Acquisition Double Echo) sequence, for example, one can obtain the interference term which is directly related to the precession angle It has been known that a fast high resolution magnetic field mapping is possible by use of the modified FADE sequence or SSFPI, and we have attempted to use the SSFPI technique for the susceptibility-induced fMRl. When the method is applied to the susceptibility effect based functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRl), it was found that the direct susceptibility effect measurement was possible without perturbations such as the backgrounds and inflow effect. In this paper, simulation results and experimental results obtained with 2.0 Tesla MRI system are presented.

• Korean Journal of Digital Imaging in Medicine
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.27-31
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• 2013

Perfusion MR imaging is how to use exogenous and endogenous contrast agent. Exogenous perfusion MRI methods which are dynamic susceptibility contrast using $T2^*$ effect and dynamic contrast-enhanced using T1 weighted image after injection contrast media. An endogenous perfusion MRI method which is arterial spin labeling using arterial blood flow in body. In order to exam perfusion MRI in human, technical access are very important according to disease conditions. For instance, dynamic susceptibility contrast is used in patients with acute stroke because of short exam time, while dynamic susceptibility contrast or dynamic contrast enhancement provides the various perfusion information for patients with tumor, vascular stenosis. Arterial spin labeling is useful for children, women who are expected to be pregnant. In this regard, perfusion MR imaging is required to understanding, and the author would like to share information with clinical users

• Proceedings of the KOSOMBE Conference
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• v.1997 no.11
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• pp.571-574
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• 1997

fMRI, functional MRI introduced recently appears based on the gradient echo technique which is sensitive to the field inhomogeneity developed due to the local susceptibility changes of blood oxygenation and deoxygenation. Common to all the gradient echo techniques is that the signal due to the susceptibility effects is generally decreased with increasing inhomogeneity due to the $T2^*$ effect or conventionally known as blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) effect. It is, also found that the BOLD sensitivity is also dependent on the imaging modes, namely whether the imaging is in axial, or coronal or sagittal mode as well as the directions of the vessels against the main magnetic field. We have, therefore, launched a systematic study of imaging mode dependent signal change or BOLD sensitivity as well as the signal changes due to the tilting angle of the imaging planes. Study has been made or both TRFGE sequence and CGE sequence to compare the distinctions of the each mode since each technique has different sensitivity against susceptibility effect. Method of computation and both the computer simulations and their corresponding experimental results are presented.

• Investigative Magnetic Resonance Imaging
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.66-74
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• 1997

fMRI, functional MRI introduced receently appears based on the gradient echo technique which is sensitive to the field inhomogeneity developed due to the local susceptibility changes of blood oxygenation and deoxygenation. There has been many variants of the basic gradient echo sequence which is sensitive to the local inhomogeniety, among others such as GRASS or SSFP to EPISTAR are the most commonly used gradient echo techniques. Common to all these gradient echo techniques is that the signal due to the susceptibility effects is generally decreased with increasing inhomogeneity due to the $T2^{*}$ effect or conventionally konwn as blood oxygenation level dependent(BOLD) effect. It is, also found that the BOLD sensitivity is also dependent on the imaging modes, namely whether the imaging is in axial, or coronal or sagittal mode as well as the directions of the vessels against the main magnetic field. We have, therefore, launched a systematic study of imaging mode dependent signal change or BOLD sensitivity as well as the signal changes due tothe tilting angle of the imaging planes. Study has been made for both TRFGE sequence and CGE sequence to compare the distinctions of the each mode since each technique has different sensitivity againsst susceptibility effect. Method of computation and both the computer simulations and their corresponding experimental results are presented.

• Journal of Biomedical Engineering Research
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.165-172
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• 1999

An enhancement technique for phase dependent image contrast in MRI(Manetic Resonance Imaging) is proposed. Because the method can enhance inherent phase contrast it is suited for susceptibility imaging and flow imaging where intravoxel phase is a source of image contrast. In this paper, applying external phase in the voxel enhances phase contrast. The external phase is generated by a tailored RF pulse so that one can control the phase contrast and even produces phase only contrast. Signal intensity due to both inherent phase and external phase is analyzed and the proposed technique is applied to a susceptibility effect only imaging and a flow effect only imaging. To verify the proposed technique, computer simulations are performed and their results are given.

• Journal of Biomedical Engineering Research
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.431-438
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• 1995

Functional imaging based on the susceptibility only is achieved by separation of the susceptibility effect from the mixture of flow effect by use of a tailored RF pulse in conjunction with gradient echo sequence. Using the tailored RF pulse the susceptibility enhanced functional imaging appears to be explicitly related to the deoxygenation processes, while in the conventional gradient echo technique functional contrast on $T2^{*}$ effect images appear to be mixed with a significant fraction of blood flow (in- flow) signals of both arterial as well as venous bloods due to the nature of the fast sequence employed with the gradient echo technique. In this paper, using the tailored RF pulses, one can unambiguously separate the susceptibility and flow effects in functional imaging. Since the signal obtained can be made sufficiently high and represents oxygenation process more accurately, it seems possible to study quantitative oxygen metabolisms in brain function hitherto difficult to do with other gradient echo techniques.

• Investigative Magnetic Resonance Imaging
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.37-49
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• 2018

Purpose: The effect of global inhomogeneity on quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM) was investigated. A technique referred to as Simultaneous Unwrapping Phase with Error Recovery from inhomogeneity (SUPER) is suggested as a preprocessing to QSM to remove global field inhomogeneity-induced phase by polynomial fitting. Materials and Methods: The effect of global inhomogeneity on QSM was investigated by numerical simulations. Three types of global inhomogeneity were added to the tissue susceptibility phase, and the root mean square error (RMSE) in the susceptibility map was evaluated. In-vivo QSM imaging with volunteers was carried out for 3.0T and 7.0T MRI systems to demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed method. Results: The SUPER technique removed harmonic and non-harmonic global phases. Previously only the harmonic phase was removed by the background phase removal method. The global phase contained a non-harmonic phase due to various experimental and physiological causes, which degraded a susceptibility map. The RMSE in the susceptibility map increased under the influence of global inhomogeneity; while the error was consistent, irrespective of the global inhomogeneity, if the inhomogeneity was corrected by the SUPER technique. In-vivo QSM imaging with volunteers at 3.0T and 7.0T MRI systems showed better definition in small vascular structures and reduced fluctuation and non-uniformity in the frontal lobes, where field inhomogeneity was more severe. Conclusion: Correcting global inhomogeneity using the SUPER technique is an effective way to obtain an accurate susceptibility map on QSM method. Since the susceptibility variations are small quantities in the brain tissue, correction of the inhomogeneity is an essential element for obtaining an accurate QSM.

• Proceedings of the KOSOMBE Conference
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• v.1995 no.11
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• pp.167-170
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• 1995

An frequency modulated (FM) DANTE pulse sequence generates a quadratic phase toward the transverse of image by an FM RF pulse. In the image of a serious susceptibility effect, the phase due to the difference of the susceptibility in the pixel occurs susceptibility error which arise signal loss. But the signal loss due to the susceptibility effect in the pixel is reduced when the quadratic phase adds in the pixel. In this paper, we have generated a quadratic function toward the transverse (X-Y) using FM DANTE sequence and the susceptibility effect is reduced in the gradient echo (GE) imaging. Computer simulation and experimental results is obtained by using a whole-body KAIS 2.0T NMR system.