• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• 제48권3호
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• pp.323-328
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• 2021

Background Lymphaticovenular anastomosis (LVA) is a minimally invasive surgical procedure used to treat lymphedema. Volumetric measurements and quality-of-life assessments are often performed to assess the effectiveness of LVA, but there is no method that provides information regarding postoperative morphological changes in lymphatic vessels and veins after LVA. Photoacoustic lymphangiography (PAL) is an optical imaging technique that visualizes the distribution of light-absorbing molecules, such as hemoglobin or indocyanine green (ICG), and provides three-dimensional images of superficial lymphatic vessels and the venous system simultaneously. In this study, we performed PAL in lymphedema patients before and after LVA and compared the images to evaluate the effect of LVA. Methods PAL was performed using the PAI-05 system in three patients (one man, two women) with lymphedema, including one primary case and two secondary cases, before LVA. ICG fluorescence lymphography was performed in all cases before PAL. Follow-up PAL was performed between 5 days and 5 months after LVA. Results PAL enabled the simultaneous visualization of clear lymphatic vessels that could not be accurately seen with ICG fluorescence lymphography and veins. We were also able to observe and analyze morphological changes such as the width and the number of lymphatic vessels and veins during the follow-up PAL after LVA. Conclusions By comparing preoperative and postoperative PAL images, it was possible to analyze the morphological changes in lymphatic vessels and veins that occurred after LVA. Our study suggests that PAL would be useful when assessing the effect of LVA surgery.

• 한국치위생학회지
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• 제22권6호
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• pp.467-475
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• 2022

Objectives: This study aimed to understand the definitions, types, and principles of computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) and scanners due to the introduction of digital workflows. Methods: This study was based on information from the government's law and articles published in academic journals. Results: CAD/CAM is a technology that measures the shape three-dimensionally, saves it as data, designs it into the desired shape, and processes the product. Scanners, which are classified as intraoral and extraoral scanners, measure teeth and the intraoral environment three-dimensionally and convert them into three-dimensional (3D). A 3D printer is a machine that creates a 3D object by layering materials based on a 3D drawing. It can be classified into four types according to the method: extrusion, powder bonding, lamination, and photopolymerization methods. The most used 3D printer methods in dentistry are stereolithograhpy and digital light processing, and they are widely used in prosthetic, surgical, and orthodontic fields. Conclusions: As the dental system is digitized, it is expected that the government will classify the dental hygienist scope of work and the universities will reflect the curriculum; it is necessary to develop excellent dental hygienists, diversify the educational pathways, and establish policies to meet the needs of the increasing number of patients.

• Molecules and Cells
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• 제46권10호
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• pp.579-588
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• 2023

Sarcomas are rare and heterogeneous mesenchymal neoplasms originating from the bone or soft tissues, which pose significant treatment challenges. The current standard treatment for sarcomas consists of surgical resection, often combined with chemo- and radiotherapy; however, local recurrence and metastasis remain significant concerns. Although immunotherapy has demonstrated promise in improving long-term survival rates for certain cancers, sarcomas are generally considered to be relatively less immunogenic than other tumors, presenting substantial challenges for effective immunotherapy. In this review, we examine the possible opportunities for sarcoma immunotherapy, noting cancer testis antigens expressed in sarcomas. We then cover the current status of immunotherapies in sarcomas, including progress in cancer vaccines, immune checkpoint inhibitors, and adoptive cellular therapy and their potential in combating these tumors. Furthermore, we discuss the limitations of immunotherapies in sarcomas, including a low tumor mutation burden and immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment, and explore potential strategies to tackle the immunosuppressive barriers in therapeutic interventions, shedding light on the development of effective and personalized treatments for sarcomas. Overall, this review provides a comprehensive overview of the current status and potential of immunotherapies in sarcoma treatment, highlighting the challenges and opportunities for developing effective therapies to improve the outcomes of patients with these rare malignancies.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.241-257
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• 2000

자가골막은 골결손부에서 골형성을 자극할 수 있는 능력과 조직유도재생술의 이상적인 차폐막이 갖추어야 할 여러 조건들을 만족하고 있다. 치주조직의 재생 술식에 적용시 임상적으로 다른 차폐막을 사용한 정도의 치주낭 감소와 임상적인 부착증진을 얻었다고 보고되고 있으나 이러한 임상적인 긍정적인 결과가 치주조직의 재생을 반드시 의미하는 것이 아니므로 조직학적 평가가 필요하다. 이에 본 실험은 성견의 하악 소구치에 2급 분지부 골결손을 형성하고 상악 견치의 협측 변연치은 정상 3 mm 하방에서 채취한 자가골막을 이식한 경우와 자가골막에 Calcium carbonate 이식을 병용하였을 때 치주조직의 재생에 미치는 영향을 평가하고자 하였다. 실험은 잡종 성 견 6마리를 이용하였다. 실험군은 모두 3개 군으로 나누었다. 대조군은 골결손부의 외과적 처치 후 치주판막으로 봉합한 군, 실험 I군은 골결손부에 외과적 처치 후 자가골막만 이식한 군, 실험 II군은 골결손부에 자가골막과 Calcium carbonate 이식을 병용한 군으로 하였다. 희생은 각각 술후 2, 4, 12주에 시행하였고 광학 현미경적 관찰을 시행하여 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. 임상적으로 잘 치유된 소견을 보였다. 광학현미경적으로 관찰시 2주째에 대조군은 상피의 근단이동이 심하였고 홈하방 부위에서만 골조직의 개조현상이 관찰되었으나 자가골막을 이식한 실험 I, II군에서는 상피의 하방이동은 미약하였고 홈상방으로 많은 골양조직이 관찰되었다. 조직계측학적으로 상피대는 실험군과 대조군 모두 4주와 1 2주째에 큰 변화가 없었다. 치주조직의 신부착 양은 실험군 대조군 모두 1 2주에 4주보다 더 증가하였으며 실험 I, II군이 대조군에 비하여 많은 경향을 보였으나 실험 I, II군간의 차이는 없었다. 이식된 자가골막은 시간이 경과함에 따라 골막이 주위조직과 생착되어 4주이후에는 관찰되지 않았다. 이상의 결과로 보아 이식된 자가골막에 의한 치주조직 재생은 비교적 양호하였으며 상피의 하방증식을 억제할 수 있어 흡수성 차폐막으로 이용할 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.41-55
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• 1980

The medical care insurance system, being put into practice nearly for three years, seem to have brought about some considerable problems as serious for the government as to consider a revision of that system. As one of the most serious problems of present system, the treatment cost of insurance patients is so remarkably low in comparison with than of non-insurance cases that normal operation of hospitals is threatened and care services of low quality are induced. The researcher carried out this survey to analyze and bring to light several aspects of treatment cost of non-insurance patients as a material for a re-assessment of the cost of insurance cases which shows a a considerable difference in amount at the standpoint of hospitals with than of non-insurance cases and further, hoping the significant blind spot of present insurance system(that is, the absence of regulations' for cost assessment by patterns or types of health care treatment) will be mended in near future. The survey was carried out with the treatment invoice sheets of total 902 in-hospital Patients of a general hospital in Seoul during the period of the 2 nd quarter of the year(1979). Among total 902 patients, 694 cases were used for analysis, because those disease or syndromes shared by less than 10% of the patients were put aside before procession. The data were analyzed by kinds or types of diseases, demographic characteristics of patients, hospitalization patterns, types of nursing treatment, etc. The result of analysis was as follows 1. Among all the non-insurance cases, those who received one or more kinds of nursing treatment mounted up to 96. 7 ％. The invoice issue frequency per person was 7.2 times, while that frequency per day for a person was 0.8, : the treatment cosr per person was ￦22,650 while its daily average was ￦2,430, due to the average 9.3 in-hospital days per person. 2. As to the nursing treatment types by the demographic characteristics of patients and hospitalization patterns. a. The unit cost female patients was generally more expensive them that of males, and independent nursing service was more given than other types of treatment. As to age, higher age groups received independent nursing service most, while the youngest group received instrumental and integrated nursing services. b. As to room grade, the unit cost of I.C.U. cases was the highest : and the cast of private room patients was higher than that of public room patients. By in-hospital days, the curve of function showed L. type : that is, the longer stay, the lower function. 3. State of treatment types by kinds of disease were ; a. Dependent nursing service showed comparatively high availability in surgical and neurologic disease and independent nursing service was most received by medical, obstetrical and urological patients, while instrumental and integrated services were most available for respiratory disease and obstetrical and neurologic diseases next. b. The invoice issue frequency per day for a patient was highest in obstetrical disease 3.8 times, and the unit cost(per one invoice sheet) was also highest in obstertrical disease(￦10,880) and next in neurologic cases(￦ 4,690 ). 4. As to the pertained departments. a. Cost amount per person was highest in department of Psychiatries daily cost was highest in obstetrical cases : while the invoice issue frequency was highest in obstetrics and next in pediatrics. b. In departments in need of surgical operation, dependent nursing care was highly availabl : while in internal medicine and obstetrics, independent service was higher. Psychiatrics showed the highest the of integrate nursing while pediatrics and obstetrics higher of instrumental services. The variation co-efficien of treatment cost came out to be relatively in high in special surgery, opthalmology and internal medicine. 5. State of treatment cost by types of nursing behavior was. a. The average frequency of invoice issue was 3.5 (times). Among the type four types of treatment, instrumetal service (4.3) and independent nursing behavior(3.9) showed higher frequency than average respectively. But as to unit cost (per invoice). dependent (￦5,200) and integrated (￦5,340) nursing care services were higher than average and considerably higher than the other two types. b. In repect patient distribution. independent nursing behavior(80.3% ) was the highest and depend ent nursing (31.7% ) the lowest. The variation co-efficient of treatment cost appeared highest in dependent nursing be havior as a whole, and among that, doctor's diagnosis showed the highest coefficient value (100.7). In conclusion, the variaty of treatment cost(treatment itself ) by various characteristics and treatment types pro- that treatment various sort of patients and treatment cost of various types of nursing behavior cannot be uniform. Therefore, to attain the equalization of health care service and its cost both for insurant and non-insurant patients, a more specific provision for assessment of cost should be added to the present medical care insurance system and, in addition, the cost of nursing treatment is desired to be inserted into the treatment invoice.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• 제29권3호
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• pp.483-509
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• 1999

Biodegradable barrier membrane has been demonstrated to have guided bone regeneration capacity on the animal study. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effects of cultured calvarial cell inoculated on the biodegradable barrier membrane for the regeneration of the artificial bone defect. In this experiment 35 Sprague-Dawley male rats(mean BW 150gm) were used. 30 rats were divided into 3 groups. In group I, defects were covered periosteum without membrane. In group II, defects were repaired using biodegradable barrier membrane. In group III, the defects were repaired using biodegradable barrier membrane seeded with cultured calvarial cell. Every surgical procedure were performed under the general anesthesia by using with intravenous injection of Pentobarbital sodium(30mg/Kg). After anesthesia, 5 rats were sacrificed by decapitation to obtain the calvaria for bone cell culture. Calvarial cells were cultured with Dulbecco's Modified Essential Medium contained with 10% Fetal Bovine Serum under the conventional conditions. The number of cell inoculated on the membrane were $1{\times}10^6$ Cells/ml. The membrane were inserted on the artificial bone defect after 3 days of culture. A single 3-mm diameter full-thickness artificial calvarial defect was made in each animal by using with bone trephine drill. After the every surgical intervention of animal, all of the animals were sacrificed at 1, 2, 3 weeks after surgery by using of perfusion technique. For obtaining histological section, tissues were fixed in 2.5% Glutaraldehyde (0.1M cacodylate buffer, pH 7.2) and Karnovsky's fixative solution, and decalcified with 0.1M disodium ethylene diaminetetraacetate for 3 weeks. Tissue embeding was performed in paraffin and cut parallel to the surface of calvaria. Section in 7${\mu}m$ thickness of tissue was done and stained with Hematoxylin-Eosin. All the specimens were observed under the light microscopy. The following results were obtained. 1 . During the whole period of experiment, fibrous connective tissue was revealed at 1week after surgery which meant rapid soft tissue recovery. The healing rate of defected area into new bone formation of the test group was observed more rapid tendency than other two groups. 2 . The sequence of healing rate of bone defected area was as follows ； test group, positive control, negative control group. 3 . During the experiment, an osteoclastic cell around preexisted bone was not found. New bone formation was originated from the periphery of the remaing bone wall, and gradually extended into central portion of the bone defect. 4 . The biodegradable barrier membrane was observed favorable biocompatibility during this experimental period without any other noticeable foreign body reaction. And mineralization in the newly formed osteoid tissue revealed relatively more rapid than other group since early stage of the healing process. Conclusively, the cultured bone cell inoculated onto the biodegradable barrier membrane may have an important role of regeneration of artificial bone defects of alveolar bone. This study thus demonstrates a tissue-engineering the approach to the repair of bone defects, which may have clinical applications in clinical fields of the dentistry including periodontics.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.1-26
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• 1996

This study was performed to estimate the effects of cultured bone cell inoculated on porous type hydroxyaptite for the regeneration of the artificial alveolar bone defect. In this experiment 3 beagle dogs were used, and each of them were divided into right and left mandible. Every surgical intervention were performed under the general anesthesia by using with intravenous injection of Pentobarbital sodium(30mg/Kg). To reduce the gingival bleeding during surgery, operative site was injected with Lidocaine hydrochloride(l:80,000 Epinephrine) as local anesthesia. After surgery experimental animal were feeded with soft dietl Mighty dog, Frisies Co., U.S.A.) for 1 weeks to avoid irritaion to soft tissue by food. 2 months before surgery both side of mandibular 1st premolar were extracted and bone chips from mandibular body were obtained from all animals. Bone cells were cultured from bone chips obtained from mandible with Dulbecco's Modified Essential Medium contained with 10% Fetal Bovine Serum under the conventional conditions. Porous type hydroxyapatite were immerse into the high concentrated cell suspension solution, and put 4 hours for attachin the cells on the surface of hydroxyapatite. Graft material were inserted on the artificial bone defect after 3 days of culture. Before insertion of cellinoculated graft material, scanning electronic microscopic observation were performed to confirm the attachment and spreading of cell on the hydroxyapatite surface. 3 artificial bone defects were made with bone trephine drill on the both side of mandible of the experimental animal. First defect was designed without insertion of graft material as negative control, second was filled with porous replamineform hydroxyapatite inoculated with cultured bone marrow cells as expermiental site, and third was filled with graft materials only as positive control. The size of every artificial bone defect was 3mm in diameter and 3mm in depth. After the every surgical intervention of animals, oral hygiene program were performed with 1.0% chlorhexidine digluconate. All of the animals were sacrificed at 2, 4, 6 weeks after surgery. For obtaining histological section, tissus were fixed in 10% Buffered formalin and decalcified with Planko - Rycho Solution for 72hr. Tissue embeding was performed in paraffin and cut parallel to the surface of mandibular body. Section in 8um thickness of tissue was done and stained with Hematoxylin - Eosin. All the specimens were observed under the light microscopy. The following results were obtained : 1. In the case of control site which has no graft material, less inflammatory cell infiltration and rapid new bone forming tendency were revealed compared with experimental groups. But bone surface were observed depression pattern on defect area because of soft tissue invasion into the artificial bone defect during the experimental period. 2. In the porous hydroxyapatite only group, inflammatory cell infiltration was prominet and dense connective tissue were encapsulated around grafted materials. osteoblastic activity in the early stage after surgery was low to compared with grafted with bone cells. 3. In the case of porous hydroxyapatite inoculated with bone cell, less inflammatory cell infiltration and rapid new bone formation activity was revealed than hydroxyapatite only group. Active new bone formation were observed in the early stage of control group. 4. The origin of new bone forming was revealed not from the center of defected area but from the surface of preexisting bony wall on every specimen. 5. In this experiment, osteoclastic cell was not found around grafted materials, and fibrovascular invasion into regions with no noticeable foreign body reaction. Conclusively, the cultured bone cell inoculated onto the porous hydroxyapatite may have an important role of regeneration of artificial bone defects of alveolar bone.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.464-471
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• 2006

본 연구에서는 흰쥐의 좌골신경을 손상시킨 후 트레드밀 운동을 적용하여 신경돌기 성장과 좌골신경의 축삭 재생 및 신경성장 인자 발현 그리고 신경기능지수의 변화를 연구했다. 본 연구결과 좌골손상 후 트레드밀 운동을 실시한 그룹이 비운동군에 비해 축삭재생이 촉진되었고, 원위부의 좌골신경에서도 NGF, BDNF단백질 발현이 상당히 증가된 것으로 나타났다. 또한 좌골신경지수를 검사한 결과에서도 운동을 실시한 흰쥐가 비운동 흰쥐에 비해 기능적 회복이 상당히 빠른 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 결과는 좌골손상 후 운동의 실시가 좌골신경의 축삭재생 촉진과 신경영양인자의 발현증가를 통해 기능적 회복에 도움이 될 수 있음을 보여주는 것이다.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• 제29권2호
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• pp.415-433
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• 1999

Implant stability is the key to long-term successful outcome for osseointegrated implants. To evaluate the initial healing response of bone around HA-coated implants without primary bone contact. 21 HA-coated thread type implants(STERI-OSS?) were placed in the femurs of 5 mongrel dogs, about 1-year old. Implants, 8 mm in length and 3.8mm(experimental 1group), 5.0mm(experimental 2group) and 6.0mm(control group) in diameter, were inserted after 3 holes of 6.0mm in diameter and 10mm in depth were prepared in the surgical sites each dog. Implants were supported by only nonresorbable membrane($Teflon^{(R)}$), in order to prevent the ingrowth of upper soft tissue into the gap between bone and implant, and to maintain each implant to be positioned in the center of the drilled hole. 9 implants with different diameters were inserted in 3 dogs for histologic observation, and 12 implants were inserted in 2 dogs for mobility test and removal torque test. Fluorescent dyes were injected for the observation of new bone formation in order of $Terramycin^{(R)}$, Arizarin $Red^{(R)}$, and $Calcein^{(R)}$ at an interval of 2 weeks. 3 dogs were sacrificed for histologic observation at 4, 8, and 12-week after placement. Light microscopy and confocal laser scanning microscopy were used to qualitatively characterize the bone around HA-coated implant. 2 dogs were sacrificed for mobility test($Periotest^{(R)}$, Simens AG, Bensheim, Germany) and removal torque test($Autograph^{(R)}$ AGS-1000D series, Japan) at 8 and 12-week after placement The results were as follows: 1. Histologic observation showed that osseointegration occurred to both control and experimental groups as time lapse, but delayed bone healing was revealed in 3.8mm group (experimental 1group), compared to contrtol group and 5.0mm group (experimental 2group). 2. The mobility test showed that the experimental groups had no distinguishable movement during experimental periods of 8 and 12-week, and there was no difference in mobility depending on the gap between bone and implant, and time lapse. 3. The removal torque forces were increased depended on the gaps decreasing between bone and implant, and time lapse. The results suggest that HA-coated implant without primary bone contact, based on guided bone regeneration could obtain its stability in all experimental groups as time lapse, but bone healing was delayed in experimental group of 3.8mm. And the results suggested that studies on correlationship between mobility test and removal torque test for implant stability would be necessary.

• 대한소아치과학회지
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• 제34권3호
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• pp.506-512
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• 2007

어린이에서 치아의 외상성 손상은 흔히 일어나는 문제이며, 손상 부위 및 정도에 따라 치아의 파절, 치주조직의 손상, 지지골 조직의 손상, 연조직의 손상 등으로 분류할 수 있다. 치주조직의 손상 중 치아가 외상에 의해 함입된 경우는 상악전치부에서 흔하며, 다른 유형의 손상에 비하여 비교적 발생빈도가 낮은 편이지만, 치축방향으로 충격이 가해져 치수뿐만 아니라 지지조직까지 손상을 일으킨다. 치아의 함입에 대한 치료 방법으로는 유전치나 조금 함입된 미성숙 영구 전치의 경우, 인위적인 재위치 없이 3-4주 동안 재맹출을 기대할 수도 있으나, 심하게 함입되어 재맹출을 기대하기 어려운 영구 전치의 경우에는 교정적 견인을 통해 교합수준에 이르게 하는 것이 일반적인 방법이며, 고정성/가철성 장치를 이용할 수 있다. 이때에는 약하고 지속적인 힘을 이용하여 치아를 치관방향으로 이동시킨다. 자발적 재맹출, 교정적 견인이 불가능 한 경우에는 외과적으로 치아를 재위치 시키고 주기적으로 관찰하는 방법이 있다. 이에 외상으로 인해 상악 좌측 영구 중절치가 함입되어 내원한 8세 7개월과 9세 11개월의 환아에서, 치수 괴사에 대한 통상적인 근관치료와 고정성 장치를 이용한 교정적 견인을 통해 양호한 치료 결과를 얻었기에 보고하는 바이다.