• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.111-122
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• 2020

In most cases in urban areas, construction of divergence tunnel should take into account proximity to existing tunnel in operation. This inevitably leads to deformation of adjacent structures and surrounding ground. Preceding researches mainly dealt with reinforcing of the diverging section for the stability including the pillar. This has limitations in investigating the interactive effects between existing structures and surrounding ground due to the excavation of the divergence tunnel. In this study, the complex interactive behavior of pile, the operating tunnel, and the surrounding ground according to horizontal offsets between the two adjacent tunnels was quantitatively analyzed based on conditions diverged from operating tunnel in urban areas. The effects on ground structures confirmed by analyzing the ground surface settlements, pile settlements, and the axial forces of the pile. The axial forces of lining in operating tunnel investigated to estimate their impact on existing tunnel. In addition, in order to identify the deformation of the surrounding ground, the close range photogrammetry applied to the laboratory model test for confirming the underground displacements. Two-dimensional finite element numerical analysis was also performed and compared with the results. It identified that the impact of excavating a divergence tunnel decreased as the horizontal offset increased. In particular, when the horizontal offset was larger than 1.0D (D is the diameter of operating tunnel), the impact on existing structures further reduced and the deformation of surrounding ground was concentrated at the top of the divergence tunnel.

• 한국지반공학회논문집
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• 제24권9호
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• pp.33-40
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• 2008

본 연구에서는 해안 준설매립지반에 대한 연약지반 개량사례를 이용하여 연적배수공법 적용시의 현장계측 및 압밀침하 해석을 실시하였다. 대상현장은 원지반위에 대략 10m의 준설매립을 통해 조성된 부지로서 고함수비 및 고압축성의 해성점토로 구성되어 있다. 1년 동안의 현장 계측결과, 당초 설계시의 예측침하량에 비해 매우 큰 압밀침하가 발생하였고, 이 조건에서의 향후 침하거동을 예측하기 위한 추가 압밀침하 해석 및 계측결과를 이용한 역해석을 실시하였다. 상부시공 영향 등에 의해 준설매립지반에는 과다한 전단변형이 발생하였으며, 이에 대한 현장 계측결과의 평가 및 보정을 실시하였다. 압밀해석 및 원지반 조건을 평가하기 위해 실내시험 결과를 이용한 물질함수분석을 실시하였으며, 최종적으로 부지 인도후의 잔류침하량 및 최종 지반고를 만족시키기 위한 추가 성토고를 산정하였다. 추가 성토이후의 현장 계측결과와 당초 예측했던 압밀침하 거동을 비교하였으며, 이를 통해 당초 예측내용에 대한 검증을 수행할 수 있었다.

• 한국안전학회지
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• 제7권4호
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• pp.55-61
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• 1992

An engineer designing a tunnel in an urban area should be to predict the magnitude and distribution of ground movements which are important to Investigate the potential damage to the existing structures around tunnel. The present study examines available theories and emprical equations, and tries to investigate quantativily ground movements around tunnel with tunnel progressing. Approcaches to the problem of ground movements associated with twin tunnel was and elasto - plastic finite element method. Typical section in Seoul Subway were selected in numerical study. The analysis and study was done with respect. to surface, subsurface and crown settlements with varying ground conditions, tunnel geommetry and construction conditions.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.57-69
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• 2010

A major consideration in the design of tunnels in urban areas is the prediction of the ground movements and surface settlements associated with the tunneling operations. Excessive ground movements can damage adjacent building and utilities. In this paper, a neural network model is used to predict the maximum surface settlement, based on instrumented results from three separate EPB tunneling projects in Singapore. This paper demonstrates that by coupling the trained neural network model to a spreadsheet optimization technique, the reliability assessment of the settlement serviceability limit state can be carried out using the first-order reliability method. With this method, it is possible to carry out sensitivity studies to examine the effect of the level of uncertainty of each parameter uncertainty on the probability that the serviceability limit state has been exceeded.

• 한국암반공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국암반공학회 2007년도 춘계학술발표회 논문집
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• pp.64-80
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• 2007

본 논문은 영동선 동백산역에서 도계역 사이를 연결하는 국내 최장터널(16.2km)인 솔안터널의 굴착사례를 소개하고자 한다.본 현장은 퇴적암지대로서 단층,공동 및 함탄층으로 구성된 복잡한 지질구조를 가지고 있다. 이러한 지질구조 중 석회암 지대에서 터널 굴착시 예기치 못한 유수에 의해 지반공학적 문제점이 발생하였다. 본 터널은 석회암층 내 공동 및 단층의 영향으로 지하수위의 저하 및 토사유실이 발생하여 지표침하를 가져왔다. 이에 따른 정밀조사를 통한 원인 분석과 대책을 소개하고, 석회암의 특성을 반영한 침하 재발방지방안을 제시하고자 한다.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• 제10권4호
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• pp.547-563
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• 2016

This paper describes a geotechnical field investigation in Giresun hazelnut licenced warehause and spot exchange during twelve months to determine the soil profile and static project applicability. It is also aimed to determine the superstructure loads and evaluate the relevance of foundation filling materials of the main, laboratory, package and admin buildings. The main building has $88.50{\times}63.20(5593.2)m^2$ site area. It has a big raft foundation. Eleven geotechnical reports were prepared between 2 December 2014 and 25 May 2015. Maximum settlements and safe bearing capacities were calculated to decide to be able to proceed to the next step. Also, the detail observations and evaluations were presented from October 2014 to December 2014. It has been seen that the foundation is designed as a single foundation one. But, in the light of observations, it has been evaluated that the foundation project for package building is not adequate, and after these excavations it must be revised as a raft foundation. The thickness of foundation and structural details should be defined/drawn after analyzing the details by using a special software. Construction joints should be designed between different buildings interfaces to avoid damages and cracks with in different settlements. The environmental drainage must be projected and applied to avoid the probable damage of surface waters on foundations.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• 제25권3호
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• pp.221-231
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• 2021

A two dimensional model of linearly elastic soil spring used for the settlement analysis of the flexible mat foundation is suggested in this study. The spring constants of the soils underneath the foundation were modeled assuming uniformly vertical load applied onto the foundation. The soil spring constants were back calculated using the three-dimensional finite element analysis with Midas GTS NX program. Variation of the soil spring constants was modeled as a two-dimensional polynomial function in terms of the normalized spatial distances between the center of foundation and the analytical points. The Lysmer's analog spring for soils underneath the rigid foundation was adopted and calibrated for the flexible foundation. For validations, the newly proposed soil spring model was incorporated into a two dimensional finite difference analysis for a square mat foundation at the surface of an elastic half-space consisting of soft clays. Comparative study was made for elastic soils where the shear wave velocity is 120~180 m/s and the Poisson's ratio varies at 0.3~0.5. The resulting foundation settlements from the two dimensional finite difference analysis with the proposed soil springs were found in good agreement with those obtained directly from three dimensional finite element analyses. Details of the applications and limitations of the modified Lysmer's analog springs were discussed in this study.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제107권3호
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• pp.287-293
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• 2018

본 연구는 본격적인 목재수확시기에 대응하여 대형화되어 가는 목재운송차량의 원활한 통행과 노체 피해 방지를 위해 산림기술경영연구소 관내 연약지반을 대상으로 토목섬유를 활용한 노반 조성 후 시간경과에 따른 노면지지력 변화와 대형 목재운송차량의 통행 횟수 증가에 따른 노면지지력 및 침하량 변화를 분석하였다. 그 결과, 노반 조성구간의 경우 약 1년의 시간경과 후 노면지지력이 양호판정기준인 CBR 15% 이상으로 안정화 되어 가는 것으로 나타났으며, 토목섬유별 처리효과는 큰 차이를 보이지 않는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 노반 조성구간에서 대형 목재운송차량의 통행이 최대 300회 이루어진 이후에는 침하량이 허용기준 50 mm 이하로 안정되고, 노면지지력 또한 CBR 20% 이상으로 향상되는 것으로 나타났으며 노반의 두께별로는 큰 차이를 보이지 않았다. 그러나 토목섬유를 활용한 노반을 조성하지 않은 구간에서는 허용기준 이상의 침하와 함께 노면의 지지력은 대형 목재운송차량의 통행이 불가능한 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 대형목재운송차량의 통행을 위한 연약지반의 노면지지력 보강을 위해서는 토목섬유를 부설하고 노반을 최소 0.2 m 이상 조성하는 것이 필요하다.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• 제16권6호
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• pp.635-642
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• 2018

Braced excavation systems are commonly required to ensure stability in construction of basements for shopping malls, underground transportation and other habitation facilities. For excavations in deposits of soft clays or residual soils, stiff retaining wall systems such as diaphragm walls are commonly adopted to restrain the ground movements and wall deflections in order to prevent damage to surrounding buildings and utilities. The ground surface settlement behind the excavation is closely associated with the magnitude of basal heave and the wall deflections and is also greatly influenced by the possible groundwater drawdown caused by potential wall leakage, flow from beneath the wall, flow from perched water and along the wall interface or poor panel connections due to the less satisfactory quality. This paper numerically investigates the influences of excavation geometries, the system stiffness, the soil properties and the groundwater drawdown on ground surface settlement and develops a simplified maximum surface settlement Logarithm Regression model for the maximum ground surface settlement estimation. The settlements estimated by this model compare favorably with a number of published and instrumented records.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• 제19권4호
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• pp.315-327
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• 2019

Deep excavations for development of subway systems in metropolitan regions surrounded by adjacent buildings is an important geotechnical problem, especialy in Tabriz city, where is mostly composed of young alluvial soils and weak marly layers. This study analyzes the wall displacement and ground surface settlement due to deep excavation in the Tabriz marls using two dimensional finite element method. The excavation of the station L2-S17 was selected as a case study for the modelling. The excavation is supported by the concrete diaphragm wall and one row of steel struts. The analyses investigate the effects of wall stiffness and excavation width on the excavation-induced deformations. The geotechnical parameters were selected based on the results of field and laboratory tests. The results indicate that the wall deflection and ground surface settlement increase with increasing excavation depth and width. The change in maximum wall deflection and ground settlement with considerable increase in wall stiffness is marginal, however the lower wall stiffness produces the larger wall and ground displacements. The maximum wall deflections induced by the excavation with a width of 8.2 m are 102.3, 69.4 and 44.3 mm, respectively for flexible, medium and stiff walls. The ratio of maximum ground settlement to maximum lateral wall deflection approaches to 1 with increasing wall stiffness. It was found that the wall stiffness affects the settlement influence zone. An increase in the wall stiffness results in a decrease in the settlements, an extension in the settlement influence zones and occurrence of the maximum settlements at a larger distance from the wall. The maximum of settlement for the excavation with a width of 14.7 m occurred at 6.1, 9.1 and 24.2 m away from the wall, respectively, for flexible, medium and stiff walls.