• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.79-84
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• 2024

Thin films of yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) nanoparticles were prepared using a low-temperature deposition and crystallization process involving successive ionic layer adsorption and reaction (SILAR) or SILAR-Air spray Plus (SILAR-A+) methods, coupled with hydrothermal (175 ℃) and furnace (500 ℃) post-annealing. The annealed YSZ films resulted in crystalline products, and their phases of monoclinic, tetragonal, and cubic were categorized through X-ray diffraction analysis. The morphologies of the as-prepared films, fabricated by SILAR and SILAR-A+ processes, including hydrothermal dehydration and annealing, were characterized by the degree of surface cracking using scanning electron microscopy images. Additionally, the thicknesses of the YSZ thin films were compared by removing diffusion layers such as spectator anions and water accumulated during the air spray plus process. Crack-free YSZ thin films were successfully fabricated on glass substrates using the SILAR-A+ method, followed by hydrothermal and furnace annealing, making them suitable for application in solid oxide fuel cells.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.323-328
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• 2009

Cryotin F could be used for hydrolyzing shrimp byproducts into bioactive ingredients, which could be used as value-added products. The objective of this study was to investigate the optimum condition for antioxidative activities of the enzymatic hydrolysate produced with Cryotin F using response surface methodology with central composite rotatable design. Shrimp byproducts (shells and heads) were hydrolyzed with Cryotin F. The experimental ranges of the independent variables for 20 experimental runs were 28.2-61.8${^{\circ}C}$ reaction temperature, pH 6-10 and 0.5-5.5% enzyme concentration. The degree of hydrolysis for the reaction products was measured. Their antioxidative activities were measured using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging activity and Fe-chelating activity. The experimental method with central composite rotatable design was well designed to investigate the optimum condition for biofunctional ingredients with antioxidative activities using Cryotin F because of their high R2 values of 0.97 and 0.95 for DPPH-scavenging activity and Fe-chelating activity, respectively. Change in enzyme concentration did not significantly affect their antioxidative activities (p<0.05). Both DPPH scavenging activity and chelating activity against Fe for the enzyme hydrolysates were more affected by the pH of enzyme hydrolysis than by their action temperature. DPPH-scavenging activity was higher at acidic pH than alkali pH, while chelating activity against Few was inversely affected. Hydrolysate of shrimp byproducts showed high antioxidative activities depending on the treatment condition, so the optimum treatment of enzymatic hydrolysate with Cryotin F and other proteases can be applied to shrimp byproducts (shells) and other protein sources for biofunctional ingredients.

• Carbon letters
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.158-165
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• 2005

Room temperature kinetics of degradation of nerve agent simulants and sarin, an actual nerve agent at the surface of different carbon based adsorbent materials such as active carbon grade 80 CTC, modified whetlerite containing 2.0 and 4.0 % NaOH, active carbon with 4.0 % NaOH, active carbon with 10.0 % Cu (II) ethylenediamine and active carbon with 10.0 % Cu (II) 1,1,1,5,5,5-hexafluoroacetylacetonate were studied. The used adsorbent materials were characterized for surface area and micropore volume by $N_2$ BET. For degradation studies solution of simulants of nerve agent such as dimethyl methylphosphonate (DMMP), diethyl chlorophosphate (DEClP), diethyl cyanophosphate (DECnP) and nerve agent, i.e., sarin in chloroform were prepared and used for the uniform adsorption on the adsorbent systems using their incipient volume at room temperature. Degradation kinetics was monitored by GC/FID and was found to be following pseudo first order reaction. Kinetics parameters such as rate constant and half life were calculated. Half life of degradation with modified whetlerite (MWh/NaOH) system having 4.0 % NaOH was found to be 1.5, 7.9, 1206 and 20 minutes for DECnP, DEClP, DMMP and sarin respectively. MWh/NaOH system showed maximum degradation of simulants of nerve agents and sarin to their hydrolysis products. The reaction products were characterized using NMR technique. MWh/NaOH adsorbent was also found to be active against sulphur mustard.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.115-122
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• 2008

The hydrosilylation is an addition reaction of Si-H bond to unsaturated double bonds, which provides a convenient mechanism to synthesize poly(dimethylsiloxane-co-methylsiloxane)copolymer having siloxy units in polymer backbone. In this study, Poly(dimethylsiloxane-co-methylsiloxane) copolymer was synthesized through the polymerization reaction of cyclopentasiloxane with poly(methyl-hydrogen) siloxane. Silicone-hydrogen functional group of the poly(dimethylsiloxane-co-methylsiloxane) copolymer was substituted to the alkyl groups by hydrosilylation. And their structure was analyzed with FT-IR, H-NMR and GPC instruments, respectively. Surface tension of the synthetic compounds is increased from 22dyne/cm to 25dyne/cm according to increase additional EO moles. The cmc which was evaluated by surface tension was ranged $10^{-5}$ to $10^{-4}mol/L$ and it was decreased according to increase of dimethyl siloxyl content. HLB number of these surfactants was evaluated 9.5 to 11.5 range. These silicone surfactants is applied to self-emulsifier defoamer and personal care products as surface tension depressant, emulsifier, foam control agent.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.839-844
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• 2014

The gas-phase radical-radical reaction $O(^3P)$ + $C_2H_5$ (ethyl) ${\rightarrow}$ $H(^2S)$ + $CH_3CHO$(acetaldehyde) was investigated by applying a combination of vacuum-ultraviolet laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy in a crossed beam configuration and ab initio calculations. The two radical reactants $O(^3P)$ and $C_2H_5$ were respectively produced by photolysis of $NO_2$ and supersonic flash pyrolysis of the synthesized precursor azoethane. Doppler profile analysis of the nascent H-atom products in the Lyman-${\alpha}$ region revealed that the average translational energy of the products and the average fraction of the total available energy released as translational energy were $5.01{\pm}0.72kcalmol^{-1}$ and 6.1%, respectively. The empirical data combined with CBS-QB3 level ab initio theory and statistical calculations demonstrated that the title exchange reaction is a major channel and proceeds via an addition-elimination mechanism through the formation of a short-lived, dynamical addition complex on the doublet potential energy surface. On the basis of systematic comparison with several exchange reactions of hydrocarbon radicals, the observed small kinetic energy release can be explained in terms of the loose transition state with a product-like geometry and a small reverse activation barrier along the reaction coordinate.

• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
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• v.47 no.5
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• pp.365-372
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• 2010

This paper was to evaluate the influence of kiln process parameter(kiln angle, kiln rotating speed) of lightweight aggregate using waste glass and bottom ash with industrial by-products on thermal conductivity, density, water absorption, fracture load and porosity by response surface analysis. In the results of surface plot and contour plot, it has verified that kiln residence time of lightweight aggregate increase as kiln angle and rotating speed decreases. For this reason, pore size and quantity tend to increase by active reaction of forming agent. It seems to be that increase in pore size and quantity have caused decreasing density, fracture load and thermal conductivity, and increasing water absorption. In conclusion, optimization of kiln process parameter on thermal conductivity, density, water absorption, fracture load and porosity by response surface analysis are kiln angle 2.4646%, kiln rotating speed 40.7089 rpm.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers Conference
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• 2000.11a
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• pp.363-366
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• 2000

In this study, SrBi$_2$Ta$_2$$O_{9}$ (SBT) thin films were etched at different Cl$_2$gas mixing ratio in Cl$_2$/Ar. The maximum etch rate of SBT was 883 $\AA$/min in Cl$_2$(20%)/Ar(80%). The result indicates that physical sputtering of charged particles is dominant to chemical reaction in etching SBT thin films. To evaluate the changes of morphology and crystallinity on the near surface of etched SBT, atomic force microscopy (AFM) and x-ray diffraction (XRD) were used. The rms values of etched samples in Ar only or Cl$_2$ only plasma were higher than that of as-deposited, Cl$_2$/Ar Plasma. The SBT (105) crystalinity of the etched samples decreased in Af only or Cla only plasma, but maintain constant in ClyAr plasma. This can be illustrated by a decrease of Bi content or nonvolatile etching products (Sr-Cl and Ta-Cl), resulting in the changes of stoichiometry on the etched surface of the SBT thin films. The decrease of Bi content and nonvolatile etch products were revealed by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS).).

• Journal of the Korean Society of Safety
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.66-70
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• 2000

In order to cope with environmental problems caused by harmful gases emitted from various industrial sources, a new technology which employs discharge plasma formed in ordinary atmospheric pressure has been intensively investigated in many industrialized nations. Although a plenty of useful outcomes and suggestions have been made public by scientists in this field, few commercial products which effectively decompose pollutant gases have appeared as yet. This is partly because that the energy efficiency of a most effective plasma reactor has not reached a satisfactory level in comparison with those of devices using conventional technologies. In an attempt to solve the problem mentioned above, we noticed to combine heterogeneous electrical discharges. This concepts is based on that each plasma reactor has its specific spatial region in which chemical reaction are active and by electrically affected with another reactor of different type, the activated region would increase - which may lead to cutting down the energy consumption. To prove this concept experimentally, two different discharge equipments, a plane ceramic-based surface discharge electrode and a corona electrode with tungsten needle may, are selected and combined to fabricate a hybrid plasma reactor. The results are summarized as follows; (1) Ozone concentration generated in the plasma region drastically increases when the positive corona discharge is added to the surface discharge. The rate of increase of ozone depends on the frequency of the surface discharge. The negative corona, however, does not contribute to the improvement of the ozone generation. (2) NO(nitrogen monoxide) decomposition rate also improves by simultaneously applying the surface and the positive corona discharges. The effect of the corona superposition is more evident when the level of the surface discharge is moderate. (3) By adjusting the corona level, the net energy efficiency during NO decomposition improves in comparison with the simple surface discharge reactor.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.63-71
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• 1992

Four novel amphoteric surfactants of N-alkoxyethylcarboxybetaine series were synthesized via Schotten-Baurnman reaction between four alkyl chlorides contaning 10, 12, 14 and 16 carbon atoms in their N-alkyl group and dimethylaminoethanol to give the intermediate products, alkoxyethyldimethylamine, Quaternization of these intermediates was permitted to form 2-(alkoxyethyldimethylarnmonio) acetates, whose structures were identified by elemental analysis. IR spectrophotometry and $^1$Hnmr spectrometry. The yield of the final products was shown in the range of $74{\sim}77%$ based on the yield of the intermediate products, Surface tension of the aqueous solution of the final products was measured. and the critical micelle concentrations(cmc) were shown in the range of $2.82{\times}10^{-3}{\sim}2.67{\times}10^{-6}$mol/l, and the surface thension at erne was 35${\sim}$43dyne/cm. Cmc was lowered gradually by the increase of carbon numbers in N-alkyl ether containing group. The isoelectric point was shown in the range of 4.08${\sim}$6.03. It showed a tendency to lean toward the acidic site and its range was broadened as increase of the hydrophobic group length. A linear relationship between log erne and the number of carbon atoms(N) in the hydrophobic alkyl chain was shown in the relative equation of log cmc=2.49-0.50N.

• Journal of the Korean Recycled Construction Resources Institute
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.167-173
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• 2018

In general, calcium is required for the reaction of blast furnace slag fine powder and fly ash. The by-products generated during the process of producing recycled aggregates have different calcium contents depending on the crushing stage and the possibility of using the process by-product as a concrete mixture is also different. In this study, the effect of the calcium content of the by-products on the compressive strength was investigated and the block was fabricated by using this. To utilize the by-products as an admixture, the calcium content was analyzed and the bending strength and surface temperature were measured according to the shape of the water storage block. As a result of this study, the possibility of making a block using recycled aggregate by-products was verified and arch type block was constructed to secure storage capacity and bending strength. Also, the surface temperature of the water storage block was reduced by $9^{\circ}C$ or more than that of the general permeable block.