• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.41 no.6
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• pp.997-1011
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• 2021

The processing characteristics of freeze-dried pork powder as raw meat for comminuted meat products were compared with those of freeze-thawed pork. The tertiary structural properties, oxidation, and solubility of proteins in the freeze-dried pork powder were investigated. In addition, the properties of the emulsion gels manufactured with freeze-dried pork powder (GFD) and freeze-thawed pork (GFT) at 1.5% and 2.0% NaCl were evaluated. The surface hydrophobicity and intrinsic tryptophan fluorescence intensity of myofibrillar proteins between the freeze-dried pork powder and freeze-thawed pork were similar. However, freeze-dried pork powder had higher carbonyl compounds and lower solubility of sarcoplasmic and myofibrillar proteins than freeze-thawed pork (p<0.05). GFD had higher cooking loss than GFT in 2.0% NaCl, and lower hardness and a^* value of GFD were observed regardless of NaCl level (p<0.05). Moreover, GFD had higher malondialdehyde content than GFT at the two NaCl concentrations (p<0.05). Therefore, our study demonstrated that freeze-dried pork powder has lower functional properties than freeze-thawed pork as raw meat for comminuted meat products.

• Journal of the Korean GEO-environmental Society
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.31-38
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• 2019

Field tests with carbon fiber heating wire (CFHW) embedded inside concrete slab were performed to present the alternative heating material capable of avoid the adverse effects of traditional de-freezing salt on the structures and environment. The CFHW was inserted into the concrete slab in the shape of 'ㄷ' to improve the heat superposition and the temperature on the surface was measured using iButton. The results showed that the temperature where the CFHW's were faced with each other increased to above zero after 12-hour at outdoor air temperature of $-6^{\circ}C$. Comparatively, the temperature slightly increased where the CFHW was embedded on one side because the heat was not superimposed. Hence, it can be said that the CFHW is a suitable heating material to prevent the concrete road from being frozen.

• Journal of The Geomorphological Association of Korea
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.21-36
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• 2011

Rock Weathering is a basic of geomorphological evolution as a preparation of materials. Of those, frost shattering has traditionally been considered as the operative process causing rock breakdown in cold regions as well as temperate zone. Each Granite(fresh rock, semi-weathered), Gneiss, Limestone, Dolomite was prepared slab specimens in ten, repeated freeze-thaw cycles of 180 under the -25℃~+30℃, and the changes was observed in physical properties and weathering aspect. Rock shattering was more active in waterlogging conditions rather than atmospheric and soil conditions. Limestone and Dolomite that high porosity are most severely crushed. Gneiss, regardless surface of the crack, joint, fissure and has a lowest rock strength(SHV), was even though no physical changes and their weathering product do not generate, has a very high resistance to weathering.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Hazard Mitigation
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• v.8 no.6
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• pp.47-52
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• 2008

Deicer has been generally used for prevention of a road freezing in winter, and the usage amount is increasing every year. However, deicer may induce the decrease of bond strength, surface scaling, and environmental pollution. In this study, the field test was performed to investigate the deterioration of concrete road structures used for 17 years. And, the corrosion resistance characteristics were compared for the existing deicer and eco-friendly deicer. According to the field test results, the penetration depth of limit chloride amount was about 40mm, and the average concentration of chloride was $3.45kg/m^3$ at the surface of structures. On the contrary, the carbonation depth was slight. The penetration depth of eco-friendly deicer was less than the existing deicer, and the corrosion resistance of eco-friendly deicer was higher.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.145-153
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• 2006

Background: Tumor cell lysate has been considered as a preferential antigen source for the therapeutic dendritic cell pulsing. Our experiences with in vivo study with animal tumor model indicate the tumor cell lysate dependent differential effect of DC therapy. Our previous data show that MC38 lysate pulsed-DC induced stronger ag-specific immunity than CT26 lysate pulsed-DC in vitro. In this study we tried to reveal the mechanism for differential induction of ag-specific immunity of different colon cancer cell lysate pulsed-DCs. Methods: MC38 and CT26 cell lines were prepared as lysate by freezing-thawing procedure. Tumor cell antigenicity was confirmed by detecting the surface expression of MHC I/II & B7.1/2 molecules. IL-10, IL-12 and TGF-beta in the tumor cell lysate were detected by ELISA and the presence of heat shock proteins were analysed by western blotting. Results: The secretion of IL-10, a immune-inhibitory cytokine was about 470% higher in CT26 lysate than in MC38. Hsp 70 was detected only in the MC38 lysate but not in the CT26. On the other hand, Hsp 60 and 90 expression were not different in two colon cancer cell lysates. Conclusion: In two different colon cancer cell lysate, immune inhibitory IL-10 (higher in CT26) and Hsp70 (MC38 superiority) were differentially expressed. These data indicate that higher agspecific immunity induction by MC38 lysate pulsed-DC may due to the expression of hsp70 and lower secretion of IL-10, a immune-inhibitory cytokine than CT26 lysate. The significance of other cytokine and the surface marker expression will be discussed.

• ALGAE
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.139-147
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• 2009

Microalgae using a submersible fluorescence probe in water column (up to 100 m) were measured during the austral summer of 2006 (February) in Prydz Bay, East Antarctica (triangular-shaped embayment in the Indian sector of Southern Ocean). Concurrently, environmental parameters such as temperature, salinity and nitrogen (nitrate, ammonium, urea) uptake rates were measured. The concentration of phytoplankton is relatively high due to availability of high nutrients and low sea surface temperature. Phytoplankton community is dominated by diatoms whereas cryptophytes are in low concentration. The maximum concentration of total chlorophyll is 14.87 ${\mu}g\;L^{-1}$ and is attributed to upwelled subsurface winter water due to local wind forcing, availability of micro-nutrients and increased attenuation of photosynthetically available radiation (PAR). Concentration of blue-green algae is low compared to that of green algae because of low temperature. Comparatively high concentration of yellow substances is due to the influence of Antarctic melt-water whereas cryptophytes are low due to high salinity and mixed water column. Varied concentrations of phytoplankton at different times of Fluoroprobe measurements suggest that the coastal waters of Prydz Bay are influenced by changing sub-surface water temperature and salinity due to subsurface upwelling induced by local winds as also melting/freezing processes in late summer. The productivity is high in coastal water due to the input of macro as well as micro-nutrients.

• Journal of ILASS-Korea
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.147-152
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• 2009

Since a liquid-phase LPG injection system allows accurate control of fuel injection and increase in volumetric efficiency, it has advantages in achieving higher engine power and lower emissions compared to the mixer type LPG supplying system. However, this system also leads to an unexpected event called icing phenomenon which occurs when moisture in the air near the injector freezes and becomes frost around the nozzle hole due to extraction of heat from surrounding caused by instant fuel vaporization. As a result, it becomes difficult to control air/fuel ratio in engine operation, inducing exacerbation of engine performance and HC emission. One effort to mitigate icing phenomenon is to attach anti-icing injection tip in the end of nozzle. Therefore, in this study, the effect of engine operation parameters as well as surrounding conditions on icing phenomenon was investigated in a bench test rig with commercially-used anti-icing injection tips. The test results show that considerable ice was deposited on the surface near the nozzle hole of the anti-icing tip in low rpm and low load operating conditions in ambient air condition. This is because acceleration of detachment of deposited ice from the tip surface was induced in high load, high rpm conditions, resulting in decrease in frost accumulation. The results of the bench testing also demonstrate that little or no ice was formed at surrounding temperature below a freezing point since the absolute amount of moisture contained in the intake air is too small in such a low temperature.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.381-393
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• 2011

This study focus on the surface deterioration diagnosis based on the material characteristics of Taean Dongmunri Maaesamjonbulipsang(rock-carved standing triad Buddha Statue) and the weathering environment analysis. Rock materials of the triad Buddha is coarse-grained biotite granite which is composed mainly of quartz, K-feldspar, plagioclase, biotite and muscovite. The triad Buddha was serious surface irregularity(13.5%), exfoliation(12.3%) and discoloration(46.6%), and the physical characteristics using ultrasonic velocity appeared fourth grade (0.59, highly weathered). Korean style wooden shelter of the triad Buddha(closed type) maintained high humidity environment (daily mean; 86.6%) than exterior environment, and appeared the possibility of deterioration by freezing-thawing because the temperature showed below zero temperatures in winter. The shelter was changed from closed-type to open-type to relieve the moisture problem recently. But the moisture problem is yet to be solved because surface water flowing along northern wayside is flowed into triad Buddha. Therefore, environmental control will need to stop inflow of water into triad Buddha.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.49 no.5
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• pp.585-592
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• 2007

This research was carried out in order to establish the production technique for Poong-san dog’s frozen semen, by examining the semen characteristic and the volume of glycerol added to the dilution solution, thawing temperature and sperm motility and viability as well as the motility using CASA according to time variation. Average semen volume was 5.9ml, sperm concentration 116.3×106 sperm/ml, total sperm number 789.3×106 sperm, motility 88.7±1.7% and viability 87.6±7.8%. When it was cryopreservation and thawed at different glycerol concentrated extender, it showed 52.7% motility and 57.7±10.3% viability at 7% glycerol, compared to other treatments. For semen cryogeny, at conditions of 5, 7cm and a height of 10cm for pre-cryogeny and maintaining the semen at 7cm from the surface of liquid nitrogen resulted in profitable motility and viability.

• Journal of the Korean GEO-environmental Society
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• v.14 no.12
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• pp.23-30
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• 2013

Bearing capacity of pile is governed by only skin friction in frozen ground condition, while it is generally governed both by skin friction and end bearing capacity in typically unfrozen ground condition. Skin friction force, which arises from the interaction between pile and frozen soils, is defined as adfreeze bond strength, and adfreeze bond strength is one of the most important key parameters for design of pile in frozen soils. Many studies have been carried out in order to analyze adfreeze bond strength characteristics over the last fifty years. However, many studies for adfreeze bond strength have been conducted with limited circumstances, since adfreeze bond strength is sensitively affected by various influence factors such as intrinsic material properties, pile surface roughness, and externally imposed testing conditions. In this study, direct shear test is carried out inside of large-scaled freezing chamber in order to analyze the adfreeze bond strength characteristics with varying freezing temperature and normal stress. Also, the relationship between adfreeze bond strength and shear strength of the frozen soil obtained from previous study was analyzed. The coefficient of adfreeze bond strength was evaluated in order to predict adfreeze bond strength based on shear strength, and coefficients suggested from this and previous studies were compared.