• Journal of Fashion Business
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.148-165
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• 2014

The purpose of this study is to establish a theory about the necessary structure for knitwear design, and to propose it with the practical data through the actual development of a high value added knit structure. For this study, the market was conducted along with literature reviews on the existing studies and the relevant books about knit structures. The market research aimed at the products released in the spring/summer and fall/winter seasons of 2012-2013, focusing on brand for middle aged women. The utilization of the structure by item and the characteristics of knit design were studied. The research was conducted on S/S products in May and July, and F/W products in October and December. As a result of the market research, it was shown that the lightweight structures with permeability such as plain, lace, links and links, this is repeated and rib structure were frequently utilized during the S/S season, while double structures with good shape stability were greatly utilized during the F/W season. Also, during the F/W season, a cable structure and tubular jacquard that emphasized the volume or cubic effect were frequently used, and there were many jacquard structures where a change of color sense and motive were added. Concerning the knit structures development, the researcher designed the knit structure at the actual production site of the knit fashion. A total of 5 pieces of knit structures were developed by asking a professional for programming and knitting. To the developed structures, the study added a multi-gauged effect, herringbone transformation effect, 3-dimensional surface effect, color effects, geometric patterns, lace penetration effect, and soft surface effect in a water-drop shape. In addition, the structures had differences in the added values by mixing various structures and diversely expressing color sense on the knitting line. This study proposes the direction for 21st century knitwear product design, through the development of a high value added knit structure.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.165-173
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• 2013

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the surface change after 15% carbamide peroxide home bleaching to various restorative materials (composite resin [CR], resin modified glass ionomer [RMGI] and glass ionomer [GI]) and to observe the effect of surface condition of the materials on re-staining. Three esthetic restorative materials (Filtek Z250, 3M, USA; Fuji II LC, GC, Japan; Fuji II, GC, Japan) were used in this study. Twenty specimens per material group were made and divided into two groups (bleached and control). The specimens were immersed in coffee after applying bleaching agent. The color change and surface roughness were measured before and after bleaching and after immersion in coffee. The data were analyzed with SPSS 18.0. The results were as follows: 1. The color of all experiment groups was significantly changed after bleaching (p<0.05). RMGI was the greatest value of ${\Delta}E^*$ and ${\Delta}L^*$. GI and CR groups were in ordering (p<0.05). The ${\Delta}a^*$ value was decreased GI, RMGI and CR. RMGI was only significantly decreased in ${\Delta}b^*$ value (p<0.05). 2. The surface roughness before and after bleaching was significantly different on CR, RMGI and GI (p<0.05). 3. After staining with coffee, the value of ${\Delta}E^*$ was increased in GI, RMGI and CR, furthermore GI and RMGI showed significant difference in the bleaching groups (p<0.05). The ${\Delta}L^*$ value of GI and RMGI was significantly decreased. 4. The change of surface roughness after staining was not significantly different in all groups (p>0.05). The maintenance of color stability in esthetic restorations is one of the most important properties. Tooth whitening is for the aesthetic. Therefore, dental professionals should notice to patients about re-staining after tooth whitening. They should give an instruction that how to prevent and which kinds of agents could be stained.

• Journal of Fashion Business
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.120-131
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• 2006

Recently, it has been reported that chemical hair coloring can cause allergic reactions, the toxicity issue of chemical hair color was issued. Therefore, there is an increasing interest in the hair coloration technique using non-toxic and bio-compatible hair color gotten from natural resource. In this study, the possibility using fermented Indigo as natural hair coloring agent was investigated. Bleached hair samples were dyed using Indigo, and the effect of dyeing frequency, the physical change after dyeing, color, surface and cross-section characteristics, and tensile property were also studied. In addition, the protection property of cationic detergent finishing on damaged hair samples were also studied. The following conclusions are made; 1. While bleached hair samples with low value showed the negligible effect of repeated dyeing, bleached hair samples with high value showed the good effect of repeated dyeing. 2. Hair sample dyed with Indigo showed a high light-fastness, however, tensile strength and elongation showed very low values (high damage on hair sample). 3. Cationic detergent finishing did not affect on the colorfastness because of decoloration after dyeing, however, it increased the smoothness of hair sample, and therefore, can use as protectant of damaged hair. 4. Hair scale was damaged after dyeing. It seemed that the alkali, potassium carbonate, increased pH of dyeing bath to 11, as a result, the hair was swollen, weaken, and dissolved on the prolonged dyeing time. Dyed hair sample became stiff and fine. 5. The color difference was 4.62 (a high fastness value) in the test of sunlight exposure, shampoo, cationic detergent finishing, and acid perspiration fastness.

• Journal of the Korean Crystal Growth and Crystal Technology
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• v.24 no.5
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• pp.183-189
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• 2014

This study was conducted to study the influence of Co and Fe on the color of glaze and diopside crystals in the diopside crystal glaze empirically produced and used by ceramic artists, in case of adding $Co_3O_4$ and $Fe_2O_3$. As a result, the color of glaze was blue when $Co_3O_4$ was added to the diopside crystal glaze and the diopside crystals appeared pastel violet with Co included. When $Fe_2O_3$ was added to the diopside crystal glaze, the color of glaze appeared brown and the color of diopside crystals was goldenrod with Fe included. The crystals precipitated on the surface of diopside consisted of diopside crystals and diopside precursors. With longer retention time, the amount of diopside precursors decreased and the amount of diopside crystals increased. Also, Co was more easily included by the diopside crystals than Fe was and crystallizability of dispside was improved in case of including Co. Including Fe lowered peak intensity of properties and partially dissolved the diopside crystals.

• Textile Coloration and Finishing
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• v.20 no.6
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• pp.42-50
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• 2008

The objective of this study is to investigate the efficacy of pomegranate hull colorant as a natural hair coloring dye. The extract of pomegranate hull was concentrated and freeze-dried to get colorant powder. Effect of dyeing condition and mordanting on the dye uptake of hair by using Al, Fe, Cu, Cr, Sn compounds, color change and colorfastness were explored. In addition, tensile strength was measured and the surface of the hair was observed. Dye uptake of hair measured by K/S value (400 nm) indicated that ionic bonding seems to be involved in the sorption of pomegranate colorant to hair. Maximum sorption was obtained at pH 3.5 and the concentration of 50% (on the weight of hair, o.w.h.). Acidic dyeing condition (pH $3.5{\sim}5.0$) showed yellow color however alkaline dyeing condition (pH $7{\sim}11$) gave reddish yellow color. Pomegranate hull colorant produced greyish brown color on hair and the hair mordanted with Fe showed dark brown color. Mordants except Fe did not increase dye uptake significantly. Mordants except Cu increased light fastness and mordants except Cr increased washing fastness level slightly. According to SEM observation and the tensile strength retention measurement, the mordant dyed hair gave more damage to hair by ultraviolet light and washing than the hair dyed without mordanting. Experimental results of K/S value and colorfastness(light and washing) supported that pomegranate hull colorant without mordanting can be used as a semi-permanent natural hair coloring dye.

• Journal of the Korea Fashion and Costume Design Association
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.85-92
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• 2007

This study focused on bean-juice treatment method which have dyeing property to indigo, yellow soil, sappan wood, cochineal and also on the possibility of applying to mordanting. This is different from the active mordanting using chemicals. Natural mordants with development of dyeing are not harmful, also are the medicines for disease. Limestone and ash neutralize the acidic soil. bean-juice protein adhere to cellulose surface and change the physical properties of protein so that coloring of dye is better than before and film non-soluble in water is made. Therefore the color made from bean-juice process lasts after washing. This study try to show one of the ways to improve the current method using the heavy metal which can have bad effects for environment and human being. Bean-juice(raw bean, heated bean) treatment method can be the way to fix the natural dyeing problem of bad dyeing. Bean-juice had been treated under various condition with pre-treatment, post-treatment and raw bean, heated bean. Following results are obtained in this study. In the case of Indigo dyeing, pre-treatment of heated bean shows the biggest difference of color. In the case of yellow soil dyeing, pre-treatment of raw bean-juice shows the biggest gap of color. Pre-treatment of heated bean in sappan wood dyeing case and post-treatment of raw bean show bigger color difference than pre-treatment of raw bean. In cochineal dyeing, raw bean pre-treatment shows the biggest color difference.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.482-486
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• 2000

The purpose of the present study was first, to evaluate the relationship between composite surface conversion and surface discoloration, second, to know if there was difference in surface discoloration between celluloid-strip-finished composite surface and polished surface. In addition, the discoloration of composite surface was also evaluated with visual inspection or digital camera with high resolution monitor, Z100, Tetric Ceram, Spectrum, and Aelitfil were used. The composite surfaces were celluloid-strip finished (group 1), polished (group 2), celluloid-strip finished under nitrogen gas purging (group 3) or only light cured without finishing or polishing under nitrogen gas purging (group 4). The microhardness of each samples were also measured in each group. The samples of each group were also divided into 4 subgroup whether they were immediately placed in disclosing solution (0.2% Elythrosin, pH 7.0) (subgroup1), 1 day after light curing(subgroup 2), 3day after light curing(subgroup 3) or 7 day after light curing(subgroup 4). The computer controlled spectrophotometer was used to determine CIELAB coordinates ($L^*$, $a^*$, $b^*$). The amounts of color difference were compared. The results were as follows; 1. There was no difference in discoloration between celluloid strip finished composite surface and polished surface. 2. The samples discolored more when they were placed in disclosing solution immediately after polymerization than other groups. 3. When the samples were light cured under nitrogen gas purging and without polishing process, they discolored more than other groups even though they showed higher micro hardness. 4. With visual inspection or digital camera, only a limited information was available in detecting composite surface discoloration.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.32 no.9
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• pp.3433-3436
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• 2011

Some of metal nanoparticles have the potential for use as colorimetric assays for estimating solution properties, such as pH and temperature due to localized surface plasmon (LSP) phenomena. This report describes the use of silver nanoparticles (AgNP) conjugated with cytochrome c (Cyt c) for the colorimetric determination of solution pHs. When the pH of a solution decreases, the Cyt c immobilized on the AgNP undergoes a conformational change, leading to a decrease in the interparticle distance between Cyt c-AgNP probes and consequent red-shift in LSP. As a result, the color of the Cyt c-AgNP probe solution changes from yellow to red and finally to a grayish blue in the pH range from 11 to 3. This gradual color change can be used to determine the pH of a solution over a wide pH range, compared to other colorimetric methods that use gold nanoparticles.

• International Journal of Highway Engineering
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.117-122
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• 2011

Asphalt concrete pavement can be widely seen on urban streets, highways, parking lots, and bike trails. Asphalt concrete pavement is relatively temperature sensitive materials due to the viscoelastic behavior, which can be defined as flexible performance in summer and rigid performance in winter. In terms of maintenance, it can be fixed quite easily if damaged. In addition, asphalt concrete pavement is generally found to be black and grey in color. However, several colors can be adopted to change the appearance of plain old boring, black and grey. Generally, there are two types of color systems in hot mix asphalt concrete materials. One system uses colored cementitious material that is applied to pavement surface through coating the surface of the asphalt pavement. The major disadvantage to this system requires a careful skill set to be used on the construction site in order to prevent taking off the cementitious material. The other coloring system colors the asphalt hot mixtures through using color additives. The main advantage to this system is that the asphalt pavement layer is colored using the same techniques that are already used in paving. The disadvantage is that the colors are limited to mainly reds and browns. In this study, a suggested color additive was evaluated, based on rutting, moisture sensitivity, and fatigue cracking performance.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.46 no.3
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• pp.221-230
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• 2018

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of several chemical treatments to prevent photodegradation of wood veneer by external UV (Ultraviolet) light. Of woods, walnut veneer is selected as a raw material for this study since it is known as a luxurious wood with dark color giving an esthetic effect. Alcohol-benzene, hydrogen peroxide ($H_2O_2$) and sodium hypochlorite (NaClO) solution were used for investigate the effect on color stabilization. Despite the removal of the extractive compounds, which is known as a discoloration component, a significant color change of walnut wood veneer was observed. Meanwhile, the veneers treated by 20 and 30% $H_2O_2$ solution at $75^{\circ}C$ for 1 h also showed the no positive effect of color stability exposed to UV light although they have a bleaching effect on wood veneer. Besides, it was difficult to maintain the original color of walnut veneer due to the elution of the extractive compounds. On the other hands, the veneer treated by NaClO solution indicated the good performance on color stability despite of the intensive UV light test. However, when the concentration exceeds 3%, surface roughness and fiber damage occurred simultaneously. Therefore, the walnut species should be treated with proper concentration when sodium hypochlorite is applied to the veneer.