• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.2 no.3
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• pp.126-136
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• 1998

For the purpose of effective control strategy of the melon aphid, Aphis gossypii and the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella, thiamethoxam and 3 other insecticides in different classes were used with bioassay test methods in laboratory and greenhouse. They were examined to evaluated and compared with contact toxicity, stomach toxicity, rapid action, systemic action, and residual effect of imidacloprid, thiamethoxam (nicotinoids), acephate (organophosphorates), and carbosulfan (carbamates). As results of contact toxicity responses of A. gassypii against 4 insecticides using a spray application method, $LC_{50}$ values of acephate, carbosulfan, imidacloprid and thiamethoxam were 41.9, 5.2, 1.1, and 0.7 ppm. respectively. In the evaluation of stomach toxicity response of P. xylostella using a leaf-dipping method, with the 2nd instar larva $LC_{50}$ values of imidacloprid, thiamethoxam and acetamiprid were 64.9, 24.6 and 15.2 ppm, with the 3rd instar larva were 125.2, 42.7 and 27.8 ppm. and with the 4th instar larva were 241.1, 44.5 and 23.9 ppm, respectively. In the case of rapid action to A. gossypii using a spray application method after inoculation, $LT_{50}$ values of imidacloprid, thiamethoxam, carbosulfan, and acephate were 26.6, 28.0, 30.3, and 41.7 min. respectively. Otherwise, in the inoculation after applying compounds, $LT_{50}$ values of thiamethoxam, imidacloprid, and carbosulfan were 95.5, 118.0, and 122.9 min. respectively. Evaluating to systemic action from the abaxial surface to the adaxial surface of red pepper leaf with spray method, $LT_{50}$ values of thiamethoxam, imidacloprid, and carbosulfan were 162.2, 168.9, and 564.1 min. respectively. For the systemic action from the lower leaves to the upper leaves on red pepper, $LT_{50}$ values of carbosulfan, thiamethoxam, imidacloprid, and acephate were 2.3, 2.9, 3.0, and 8.8 days, respectively. In red pepper plant, $LT_{50}$ values of carbosulfan, imidacloprid, thiamethoxam, and acephate on the systemic action from the roots to the upper leaf were 0.6, 1.0, 1.0, and 13.8 days, respectively. As these results, it might be that thiamethoxam was excellent on systemic effect in red pepper. For the evaluation of residual effect on red pepper with A. gossypii, thiamethoxam and imidacloprid maintained high control effects as over 80% upto 10 days after treating compounds.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.625-641
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• 2003

Background: This study presents a biomechanical and histometric comparison of bone response to implants with various area of hydroxyapatite(HA) coating. Methods: The implants were placed in the tibia of 10 rabbits weighing 2.5-3.5kg. The control group had a machined surface, the experimental group 1 had 50${\mu}m$ thick HA coated in a band form, and the experimental group 2 had 50${\mu}m$ thick HA coated on the entire surface. 8 weeks after implantation, the animals were sacrificed. Removal torque was measured and histologic preparation was also performed for histologic and histometric analysis. Bone to implant contact as well as percentage of bone area inside threads were measured. ANOVA post hoc, and t-test were used for statistical analysis with p-value p<0.05. Results: 1. The removal torques were 9.36${\pm}$5.64 Ncm, 48.40 ${\pm}$ 16.66 Ncm, and 82.37${\pm}$22.56 Ncm for the control, exp. 1, and exp. 2 group respectively. Statistically significant difference were found among all the groups(p<0.05). 2. Bone to implant contact in the cortical bone were 38.94${\pm}$10.9 %, 66.90${\pm}$14.1 %, 73.00${\pm}$19.4 %, in the marrow bone, 8.30${\pm}$5.4%, 14.59${\pm}$5.9%, 18.54${\pm}$11.8%, and in total, 22.40${\pm}$10.1%, 31,17${\pm}$7.5%, 41.41${\pm}$12.2% for the control, exp. 1, and exp. 2 group respectively . In the cortical bone, exp. 1, and exp. 2 group showed statistically significantly higher contact compared to control group. Total contact and in the marrow bone, only exp. 2 group showed statistically significantly higher contact compared to control group(p<0.05). In all the groups significantly higher contact were observed in the cortical bone compared to the marrow bone(p<0.05). 3. Percentage of bone area inside threads in the cortical bone were 55.68${\pm}$7.25%, 55.19${\pm}$13.19%, 57.04${\pm}$13.33%, in the marrow bone, 12.34${\pm}$14.61%, 17.56${\pm}$20.04%, 20.26${\pm}$12.83%, and in total, 30.30${\pm}$12.46%, 31.57 ${\pm}$15.15%, 34.25${\pm}$12.56% for the control, exp.1, and exp. 2 group respectively. There was no statistical difference among the groups. In all the groups significantly higher bone area were observed in the cortical bone compared to the marrow bone(p<0.05)

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.52 no.6
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• pp.667-673
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• 2009

Purpose : Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) is critical in the immune response to mycobacterial infections. The purpose of this study was to analyze TLR2 surface expressions and TLR2-mediated tumor necrosis factor-alpha ($TNF-{\alpha}$) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) production in patients with BCG vaccine-associated suppurative lymphadenitis. Methods : Peripheral monocytes were separated from 16 patients with BCG vaccine-associated suppurative lymphadenitis and 10 healthy controls using a magnet cell isolation kit. Monocytes ($1{\times}10^6$ cells/well) were incubated with a constant amount of $Pam_3CSK_4$ ($100{\mu}g/mL$) for 24 hours. TLR2 surface expression on monocytes was analyzed by FACS analysis and TLR-2 mRNA expression was determined by RT-PCR. TLR2-mediated $TNF-{\alpha}$ and IL-6 production were measured by ELISA. Results : In patients with BCG vaccine-associated suppurative lymphadenitis, low TLR2 expression on monocytes ($3.39{\pm}$1.2% versus $4.64{\pm}2.6%$) together with significantly lower TLR2 mRNA expression than in the healthy controls was seen after $Pam_3CSK_4$ stimulation. TLR2-mediated $TNF-{\alpha}$ and IL-6 production in patients with BCG vaccine-associated suppurative lymphadenitis ($TNF-{\alpha}$, $775.5{\pm}60.8pg/mL$; IL-6, $4,645.8{\pm}583.9pg/mL$) were also lesser than that in healthy controls ($TNF-{\alpha}$, $1,098.5{\pm}94.3pg/mL$; IL-6, $6,696.3{\pm}544.3pg/mL$). Conclusion : These findings suggest that low TLR2 expression on monocytes might be associated with increased susceptibility to BCG vaccine-associated suppurative lymphadenitis.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.420-428
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• 1996

This study was conducted to investigate the response of growth and yield of rice under five different cultural methods, machine transplanting(MTNT), puddled drill seeding (PDSNT), drill seeding on soil surface (DSNT) , broadcasting on soil surface (BSNT) under no-tillage paddy condition and conventional machine transplanting(MTT) in Jeonbuk series(siltyloam soil) from 1993 to 1995. Soil hardness was higher in no-tillage soil and increased with highly difference between tillaged and no-tillage soil with deeper soil depth. Bulk density was heavier in no-tillage soil and porosity was higher in tilled soil than that of the control. The rate of effective tiller was higher in MTT, following MTNT, PDSNT, DSNT and BSNT. Weed occurrence was more serious in no-tillage soil, than that of tillaged soil. The rate of lower internode length was lower in DSNT and BSNT and was similar with MTT in PDSNT and MTNT. Height of center gravity in terms of lodging tolerance was lower in direct seeding than in machine transplanting. Depth of buried culm was shorter in no-tillage soil, especially in DSNT and BSNT. Total amount of root was higher in MTT, following MTNT, PDSNT, BSNT and BSNT and the distribution rate of root in shallower soil layer was higher in no-tillage soil, especially in BSNT and DSNT. Field lodging occured highly in BSNT, following DSNA, PDSNT and MTNT with high lodging scale in DSNT and BSNT. Panicle number per unit land square meter was the highest in MTT and the least in BSNT. Ripened grain ratio was low in BSNT and DSNT due to heavy lodging. Yield of milled rice was 93% in PDSNT, 87% in DSNT, 81% in BSNT and 96% in MTNT, compared with 534kg /10a in MTT.

• The Journal of Korean Society for Radiation Therapy
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.19-27
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• 1996

I. Project Title A Study of Brachytherapy for intraocular tumor II. Objective and Importance of the project The eye enucleation or external-beam radiation therapy that has been commonly used for the treatment of intraocular tumor have demerits of visual loss and in deficiency of effective tumor dose. Recently, brachytherapy using the plaques containing radioisotope-now treatment method that decrease the demerits of the above mentioned treatment methods and increase the treatment effect-is introduced and performed in the countries, Our purpose of this research is to design suitable shape of plaque for the ophthalmic brachytherapy, and to measure absorbed doses of Ir-192 ophthalmic plaque and thereby calculate the exact radiation dose of tumor and it's adjacent normal tissue. III. Scope and Contents of the project In order to brachytherapy for intraocular tumor, 1. to determine the eye model and selected suitable radioisotope 2. to design the suitable shape of plaque 3. to measure transmission factor and dose distribution for custom made plaques 4. to compare with the these data and results of computer dose calculation models IV. Results and Proposal for Applications The result were as followed. 1. Eye model was determined as a 25mm diameter sphere, Ir-192 was considered the most appropriate as radioisotope for brachytherapy, because of the size, half, energy and availability. 2. Considering the biological response with human tissue and protection of exposed dose, we made the plaques with gold, of which size were 15mm, 17mm and 20mm in diameter, and 1.5mm in thickness. 3. Transmission factor of plaques are all 0.71 with TLD and film dosimetry at the surface of plaques and 0.45, 0.49 at 1.5mm distance of surface, respectively. 4. As compared the measured data for the plaque with Ir-192 seeds to results of computer dose calculation model by Gary Luxton et al. and CAP-PLAN (Radiation Treatment Planning System), absorbed doses are within ${\pm}10\%$ and distance deviations are within 0.4mm Maximum error is $-11.3\%$ and 0.8mm, respectively. As a result of it, we can treat the intraocular tumor more effectively by using custom made gold plaque and Ir-192 seeds.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.25 no.4 s.83
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• pp.257-267
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• 1997

Fruit bodies similar to the Phellinus sp. residing on the mulberry were collected at Yang-yang in Kang-won-do province and one strain of Phellinus sp. was isolated from the fruit bodies. For mass production of the isolated mycelia in a submerged culture, the culture conditions, medium composition, and the effect of various culture systems on the mycelial growth, were investigated. The morphological characteristics of the fruit body were as follows: covered with blackish to black and rough, lower surface with yellowish-brown to dull-brown and smooth, 5-7 cm thick and hard woody. Also, the pure cultured mycelia showed yellowish-brown color, capability of purplish-brown pigment production on the PDA plate media, no-formation of clamp-connection, much binding branch, and enzyme activities such as laccase, tyrosinase and peroxidase. Therefore, pure cultured strain was identified to be Phellinus sp. In the flask culture, the optimum culture conditions for the mycelial production were obtained after cultivation of 8 days at inoculum level of 5%(v/v), media volume of 70 mL, 150 rpm, initial pH 6, and temperature of $30^{\circ}C$. Optimum medium composition from the response surface analysis were determined to be glucose 12.12 g/L, sucrose 12.12 g/L, yeast extract 11.15 g/L, malt extract 11.15 g/L, $KH_2PO_4$ 0.855 g/L and $CaCl_2$ 0.855 g/L. The production of the mycelia after 4 and 8 days of cultivation was 1.95 and 9.89 g/L, respectively. The maximum specific growth rate and productivity were $0.020\;hr^{-1}$ and 1.25 g/L/day, respectively. Among the three different culture systems for the growth of mycelia, the maximum mycelial dry weight of 7.5 g/L was obtained after cultivation of 4 days in the air-lift fermentor under aeration rate of 2.5 vvm. The maximum specific growth rate and productivity were $0.033\;hr^{-1}$ and 1.9 g/L/day, respectively, which were about 1.7 and 4.2 times higher than those of flask culture.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.324-333
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• 1983

Modeling of longterm runoff is theoritically based on waterbalance analysis. Simplified equation of water balance with rainfall, evapotranspiration and soil moisture storage could be formulated into regression model with variables of rainfall, pan evaporation and previous-month streamflow. The hydrologic response of water shed could be represented lumpedly, qualitatively and deductively by regression coefficients of water-balance regression model. Characteristics of regression modeling of water-balance were summarized as follows; 1. Regression coefficient $b_1$ represents the rate of direct runoff component of precipitation. The bigger the drainage area, the less $b_1$ value. This means that there are more losses of interception, surface detension and transmission in the downstream watershed. 2. Regression coefficient $b_2$ represents the rate of baseflow due to changes of soil moisture storage. The bigger the drainage area and the milder the watershed slope, the bigger b, value. This means that there are more storage capacity of watershed in mild downstream watershed. 3. Regression coefficient $b_3$ represents the rate of watershed evaporation. This depends on the s oil type, soil coverage and soil moisture status. The bigger the drainage area, the bigger $b_3$ value. This means that there are more watershed evaporation loss since more storage of surface and subsurface water would be in down stream watershed. 4. It was possible to explain the seasonal variation of streamflow reasonably through regress ion coefficients. 5. Percentages of beta coefficients what is a relative measure of the importance of rainfall, evaporation and soil moisture storage to month streamflow are approximately 89%, 9% and 11% respectively.

• The Journal of the Petrological Society of Korea
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.1-12
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• 2012

The Baegdusan volcano is one of the most active volcanoes in northeastern Asia, and the 10th century eruption was the most voluminous eruption in the world in recent 2,000 years. During the period from 2002 to 2005, volcanic earthquakes and abnormal surface distortions by suspected subsurface magma intrusion beneath the volcano were observed in the Baegdusan area. Seismic activity has gradually increased with earthquake swarms during 2002-2003 and hundreds of seismic event in a day, especially annual peak of 2,100 in 2003. Then the number of seismic activity has declined since 2006 to the background level in 1999-2001. According to the typical frequency of volcanic earthquakes in the Baegdusan volcano, the frequency distribution of typical volcanic earthquakes between 2002 and 2005 indicates that all the main frequency of the earthquakes basically falls down less than 5 Hz and 5-10 Hz. These events are all the VT-B and LP events caused by the shallow localized fracture and intrusion of magma. The horizontal displacement measurement by GPS during the period from 2000 to 2007 of the Baegdusan stratovolcano area indicates that an inflated process has been centered at the summit caldera since 2002. The displacement between 2002 and 2003 reached at a maximum value of 4 cm. After 2003, the deformation rate of the volcano continued to decrease with unusual variation during the period from 2006 to 2007. After 2003 the vertical displacement uplift rate falls down gradually but still keeps in an uplift trend in northern slope. It is generally believed that when $^3He/^4He(R)$ in a gas sample from a hot spring exceeds $^3He/^4He(R)$ in the atmosphere, it can be concluded that mantle-source. And temperatures of hot springs are rising steadily to $83^{\circ}C$. It is unrest signals at the Baegdusan, which is potentially active. The Baegdusan volcano is now in unrest status, there is eruption threat in the near future. Intensified monitoring and emergency response plan for volcanic risk mitigation are urgent for the volcano.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.82 no.4
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• pp.366-380
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• 1993

Quercus acutissima ectomycorrhizae were classified as apical type, linear type, clavate type, diffuse type, pyramidal type, coralloid type, and nodular type. The surface texture of the fungal mantle at the initial stage of mycorrhizal formation was velvety. The surface texture of Pisolithus tinctorius(Pt) mycorrhizae at 30 September was well-developed felty mantle, Yellowish white. Except Pt all mycorrhizae formed by ectomycorrhizal fungi used to experiment were white with felty mantle. Mycorrhizae at the initial stage of mycorrhizae formation were creamy or creamy brown and swelled with thin mantle. Transverse and longitudinal sections showed radially-elongated cortical cell layers and epidermal cell with Hartig net. The transversal wideth of radially-elongated cortical and epidermal cells in the mycorrhizae with thick mantle on 30 September did not different with the mycorrhizae with thin mantle on the initial stage. Pt #250 formed coralloid mycorrizae but Pt KJ-1 did not although they are same species. On the mean length of linear type ectomycorrhizae of Pt KJ-1(2.21mm) was 1.5 times longer than that of Pt #250(1.32mm). The total dry weight of seedlings inoculated with Pt KJ-1, Pt #250, Lycoperdon pedicellatum, Scleroderma verrucosum were significantly heavier than those of suillus granulatus, Laccaria laccata.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.70-80
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• 2005

To evaluate the exposure of molinate in agricultural environment and its effect against the non-target crop in air, this experiment was conducted to elucidate volatilization characteristics of molinate in aquatic condition and to determine critical concentration of molinate in the air causing phytotoxicity to Chili pepper. Cumulative volatilized rate of molinate from water was 22.7% at $35^{\circ}C$ for water temperature and 20 L/min for air velocity while 3.2% at $25^{\circ}C$ and 10 L/min within 47 hour after applied under closed system, respectively. The molinate concentrations in air above 60 cm height from soil surface of valley and open paddy rice field were reached the highest value of 18.17 and $11.59{\mu}g/m^3$, respectively within 24 hours after applying granular formulation at dose rate of molinate 150 g/1,000 $m^2$. However, their concentrations were drastically diminished to around 0.18 and $0.51{\mu}g/m^3$ level in 20 days after application, which volatilization pattern were similar to both regions. Also, the concentration of molinate in air above 60 cm height from soil surface was distributed higher 2 times than that above 180 cm height. Meanwhile, a phytotoxic symptom against the nearby chili pepper was revealed within three days after applied and molinate was detected $0.004{\sim}0.006$ mg/kg level from severe damaged leaves. The dose and exposure relations of molinate in the air against the non-target crop was also investigated in lab trial. The phytotoxic symptom, shriveled leaves, of the chili pepper was encountered by exposing two days with concentration of $13.6{\mu}g/m^3$, three days with $6.8{\mu}g/m^3$ or four days with $3.4{\mu}g/m^3$. The symptom was still recovered within four weeks after the plants had received fresh air. On the other hand, the phytotoxic response through root uptake of the herbicide in water culture was relatively insensitive, in which the symptom is observed ten days with the concentration of 300 ${\mu}g/L$.