• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.121-132
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• 2010

The Bukjiri Maaeyeoraejwasang (National Treasure No. 201) consists of two-mica granite in medium size, which was the simbol of power in the region of the Silla period. Magnetic susceptibility of the host rock was measured as 0.41(${\times}10^{-3}$ SI unit), which has the similar range with surrounding outcrop. The Buddha developed parallel discontinuous plane of NE to SW strike and damaged seriously by exfoliation, granular disintegration and brown discoloration as 41.5%, 16.7% and 40.0%, respectively. As a result of the ultrasonic velocity, which was relatively weak values as 1,629m/s (Buddha area) and 1,549m/s (surrounding outcrop), improved about 900m/s compared to last treatment. From the results of the evaluation for slope stability, identified the possibility of toppling failure in the Buddha, and planar and wedge failure in host rock. Therefore, we suggest for the safely conservation of the Buddha, continuance monitoring for understand behavior of discontinuity system of the surface, and necessitate foundation reinforcement method for the rock which has the danger of collapse.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.47 no.6
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• pp.733-739
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• 2014

To develop an effective use for poor-quality individually quick-frozen (IQF) oysters Crassostrea gigas stored for a long period, the extract conditions, quality characteristics, and optimum reaction flavoring (RF) conditions of a complex extract from these IQF oysters were investigated. The moisture, pH, and volatile basic nitrogen contents of IQF oysters stored for 18 months (18M-IQFO) were 77.9%, 6.32, and 17.9 mg/100 g, respectively. Three different kinds of extract were prepared from 18M-IQFO: a hot-water extract (HE), scrap enzymatic hydrolysate (EH), and complex extract (CE). The respective extracts contained 5.5, 8.6, and 6.6% crude protein and 281.7, 366.0, and 343.0 mg/100 g amino nitrogen, and had 811, 359, and 1,170 mL/kg extraction yields. The CE was superior to the traditional HE in terms of the extraction yield, amino-nitrogen content, and organoleptic qualities, except for the odor. To improve flavor via the Maillard reaction, the reaction system used to produce a desirable flavor comprised CE (Brix $30^{\circ}$), 0.4 M glucose, 0.4 M glycine, and 0.4 M cysteine solution (4:2:1:1, v/v). The reaction time and pH were the independent variables, and the sensory scores for baked potato odor, masking shellfish odor, and boiled meat odor were the dependent variables. The surface response methodology (RSM) analysis of the multiple responses optimization gave a reaction time of 120.6 minutes and pH 7.33 at $120^{\circ}C$. The reaction improved the flavor of CE considerably, as compared to that of the unreacted extract.

• Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.87-96
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• 2004

Application of the soil nailing method is continuously extending in maintaining stable excavations and slopes. However, ground anchor support system occasionally may not be used because of space limitations in urban excavation sites nearby the existing structures. In this case, soil nailing system with relatively short length of nails could be efficiently adopted as an alternative method. The general soil nailing support system, however, may result in excessive deformations particularly in an excavation zone of the existing weak subsoils. Pretensioning the soil nails then could play important roles to reduce deformations mainly in an upper part of the nailed-soil excavation system as well as to improve local stability. In this study, a newly modified soil nailing technology named as the PSN (Pretension Soil Nailing) is developed to reduce both facing displacements and ground surface settlements in top-down excavation process as well as to increase the global stability. Up to now, the PSN system has been investigated mainly focusing on an establishment of the design procedure. In the present study, laboratory model tests are carried out to investigate the failure mechanism and behavior characteristics of the PSN system. Various results of model tests are also analyzed to provide a fundamental basis for the efficient design.

• Macromolecular Research
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.158-167
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• 2002

In order to endow with new bioactive functionality from small intestine submucosa (SIS) powder as natural source to poly (L-lactide) (PLA) and poly (lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) synthetic biodegradable polymer, porous SIS/PLA and SIS/PLGA as natural/synthetic composite scaffolds were prepared by means of the solvent casting/salt leaching methods for the possibility of the application of tissue engineered bone and cartilage. A uniform distribution of good interconnected pores from the surface to core region was observed the pore size of 40~500 ${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$ independent with SIS amount using the solvent casting/salt leaching method. Porosities, specific pore areas as well as pore size distribution also were almost same. After the fabrication of SIS/PLA hybrid scaffolds, the wetting properties was greatly enhanced resulting in more uniform cell seeding and distribution. Five groups as PGA non-woven mesh without glutaraldehyde (GA) treatment, PLA scaffold without or with GA treatment, and SIS/PLA (Code No.3 ; 1 : 12 of salt content, (0.4 : 1 of SIS content, and 144 ${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$ of median pore size) without or with GA treatment were implanted into the back of nude mouse to observe the effect of SIS on the induction of cells proliferation by hematoxylin and eosin, and von Kossa staining for 8 weeks. It was observed that the effect of SIS/PLA scaffolds with GA treatment on bone induction are stronger than PLA scaffolds, that is to say, in the order of PLA/SIS scaffolds with GA treatment > PLA/SIS scaffolds without GA treatment > PGA nonwoven > PLA scaffolds only with GA treatment = PLA scaffolds only without GA treatment for the osteoinduction activity. The possible explanations are (1) many kinds of secreted, circulating, and extracellular matrix-bound growth factors from SIS to significantly affect critical processes of tissue development and differentiation, (2) the exposure of SIS to GA resulted in significantly calcification, and (3) peri-implant fibrosis due to covalent bonding between collagen molecule by crosslinking reaction. In conclusion, it seems that SIS plays an important role for bone induction in SIS/PLA scaffolds for the application of tissue engineering area.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.112-116
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• 2012

Purpose: This study attempts to compare the stability of hydroxy-apatite coating implant with that of sandblasted, large-grit and acid-etched surface implant at an early state of installation. Methods: 35 implants were installed in 18 patients, who had visited hospital for implant installation. The early stability at operation, 6 weeks and 12 weeks after operation using Osstell$^{TM}$ mentor (Integration Diagnostics, Savedalen, Sweden) and Periotest$^{(R)}$ (Siemens AG, Benssheim, Germany) were measured, and subsequently analyzed statistically. Results: OsstellTM mentor value of hydroxy-apatite coated implant (HAPTITE) was measured as $70.14{\pm}9.07$ at the stage of installation, $76.98{\pm}5.25$ at 6 weeks and $80.28{\pm}4.23$ at 12 weeks after installation. A statistically significant increase in measurement value was observed after 6 weeks and 12 weeks than when implants were placed. In case of IMPLANTIUM (DENTIUM Co. Ltd., Seoul, Korea), the measurement value was $74.68{\pm}7.42$ at installation, $79.03{\pm}4.39$ at 6 weeks and $80.59{\pm}3.59$ at 12 weeks after installation. In addition, a statistically significant increase in the value was observed when comparative analysis of the value at after installation and 12 weeks after installation was carried out. However, no significant difference between HAPTITE and IMPLANTIUM was observed. The average measurement value of periotest$^{(R)}$ was $-1.94{\pm}3.90$ at installation of HAPTITE, $-4.03{\pm}1.48$ at 6 weeks and $-5.00{\pm}1.71$ at 12 weeks after installation. Moreover, whilst comparing the value at after installation and 12 weeks after installation, statistically significant decrease in the value was observed. In case of IMPLANTIUM, the average measurement value was measured as $-4.25{\pm}1.76$ at installation, $-4.76{\pm}0.97$ at 6 weeks and $-5.18{\pm}0.91$ at 12 weeks after installation and no statistically significant difference was observed. Furthermore, no statistically significant difference was observed between HAPTITE and IMPLANTIUM. Conclusion: In this study, both the implants demonstrated favorable early stability at the time of measurement using Osstell$^{TM}$ mentor and Periotest$^{(R)}$. Moreover, based on the observed results, both HAPTITE and IMPLANTIUM are considered as potent to exhibit clinically stable and prognostic results.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.129-142
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• 2002

Epithelial-mesenchymal interaction plays a important role in cell growth and differentiation. This interaction is already well known to have an importance during the organ development as well as cell growth and differentiation. However, in vitro experimental model is not well developed to reproduce in vivo cellular microenvironment which provide a epithelial-mesenchymal interaction. Because conventional monolayer culture lacks epithelial-mensenchymal interaction, cultivated cells have an morphologic, biochemical, and functional characteristics differ from in vivo tissue. Moreover, it's condition is not able to induce cellular differention due to submerged culture condition. Therefore, the aims of this study were to develop and evaualte the in vitro experimental model that maintains epithelial-mesenchymal interaction by organotypic raft culture, and to characterize biologic properties of three-dimensionally reconstituted oral keratinocytes by histological and immunohistochemical analysis. The results were as follow; 1. Gingival keratinocytes reconstituted by three-dimensional organotypic culture revealed similar morphologic characteristics to biopsied patient specimen showing stratification, hyperkeratinosis, matutation of epithelial architecture. 2. Connective tissue structure was matured, and there is no difference during stratification period of epithelial 3-dimensional culture. 3. The longer of air-exposure culture on three-dimensionally reconstituted cells, the more epithelial maturation, increased epithelial thickness and surface keratinization 4. In reconstitued mucosa, the whole epidermis was positively stained by anti-involucrin antibody, and there is no difference according to air-exposured culture period. 5. The Hsp was expressed in the epithelial layer of three-dimensionally cultured cells, especially basal layer of epidermis. The change of Hsp expression was not significant by culture stratification. 6. Connexin 43, marker of cell-cell communication was revealed mild immunodeposition in reconstitued epithelium, and there is no significant expression change during stratification. These results suggest that three-dimensional oragnotypic co-culture of normal gingival keratinocytes with dermal equivalent consisting type I collagen and gingival fibroblasts results in similar morphologic and immunohistochemical characteristics to in vivo patient specimens. And this culture system seems to provide adequate micro-environment for in vitro tissue reconstitution. Therefore, further study will be focused to study of in vitro gingivitis model, development of novel perioodntal disease therapeutics and epithelial-mensenchymal interaction.

• Resources Recycling
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.69-76
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• 2009

Alumina powder was prepared from heat-treatment of artificial marble waste fine aggregate containing $Al(OH)_3$ for the purpose of the feasibility of its recycling. Artificial marble waste was heat-treated between $500^{\circ}C$ and $1000^{\circ}C$ and XRD, BET surface area, BJH pore size distribution and adsorption of As were analyzed for heat-treated powder. It was found that the adsorption efficiency of As was significantly affected by phase composition of alumina powder rather than its physical characteristic. Heat-treated powder compact was sintered to produce the pellet. Alumina pellet with porosity more than 60% could be obtained after sintering below $1200^{\circ}C$ and also the addition of glass powder as a sintering aid had a positive effect on lowering sintering temperature, led to the high porosity near 60% and adsorption of As over 60% even at $900^{\circ}C$.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.91-98
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• 2001

The mycelial morphology during submerged cultivation of Ganoderma ludium using by air-lift fermenter system were analyzed by image processing system and the characterization of mycelial morphology were investigated. In submerged culture using medium with different ammonium phosphate concentrations, the various morphological forms of G. lucidum mycelium were observed. The filamentous forms such as non-branched long filamentous mycelium, non-branched short mycelium, branched long filamentous mycelium, branched short mycelium, entangled mycelium and clump were observed, and also, and also, the pelleted forms such as smooth pellet, rough pellet and hollow rough pellet were observed. The mycelial morphology was changed from the filamentous to the pelleted forms by addition of ammonium phosphate. The fractal dimensions of pelleted and filamentous forms were 1.05 and 1.3, respectively, while the fractal dimension of mixtures of pelleted and filamentous forms was 1.16. Therefore, the fractal dimension was found to be more effective index for the detection of the mycelial morphology and morphological change during batch cultivation. The circularity was also found to be useful for evaluating the surface growth of pelleted mycelium.

• Neonatal Medicine
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.22-31
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• 2008

Purpose : Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is characterized by arrested vascular and alveolar growth in the premature lung. Considering the consequences of arrested lung growth, the idea of administering bone marrow cells to enhance the inborn repair mechanism is promising as this may reduce the morbidity and mortality of BPD. We followed enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP)-labeled bone marrow cells (BMC) injected intraperitoneally into non-EGFP mice in order to determine their fate after transplantation. Methods : An angiogenesis inhibitor, SU1498, was injected subcutaneously on day 3 in non-EGFP C57BL/6 newborn mice to create a model of arrested alveolar development. On the following day, $1{\times}10^6$ BMCs isolated from major histocompatibility complex (MHC)- matched syngenic EGFP mice were injected intraperitoneally to non-EGFP BPD mice. Morphometric analysis, immunostaining, and confocal microscopy were performed to determine the fate of EGFP-positive stem cells in the injured lung. Results : SU1498 injection reduced alveolar surface area and mean alveolar volume in newborn mice. BMC injection resulted in recovery of lung structure comparable to controls. EGFP-positive BMCs were identified in the lungs of the recipient mice after intraperitoneal injection. The injected EGFP cells were co-stained with endothelial and epithelial cells of the developing lung as determined by confocal microscopy. Conclusion : Our results illustrated that EGFP-positive BMCs engrafted and trans-differentiated into epithelial and endothelial cells after intraperitoneal injection in a mouse model of arrested alveolar development.

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.25-34
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• 2005

The study aimed to develop a tractor drawn animal slurry manure sub-soil injector for arable land and thus, can reduce the waste management cost through effective treatment and utilization of animal slurry manure. The application of animal slurry manure to agricultural land will probably be one of the most effective ways to enrich the soil with vital nutrients. However, some existing slurry manure spenders are not suitable in the field because of their adverse effects to the environment. Based on this premise, a prototype was designed and assembled using 5 sub-soiling standards attached to the sin injector device. The traction force of the Prototype measured in the depth of 10 cm and 15 cm from the ground surface of a paddy field was 1,062 kgf and 1,214 kgf, respectively. A unique feature of the machine was that there was an equal volume of slurry manure flowing from each delivery pipe and regulated by a pressurized container that was likewise synchronized with the speed of the tractor The sub-soiling manure injection system can mitigate or reduce the harmful emission of obnoxious gases and malodor during the injection operation.