• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.47 no.2
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• pp.233-242
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• 2005

Effects of supplemental charcoal powder and vitamin A on growth performance, serum profile and carcass characteristics with 24 Hanwoo steers were inves$\ell$ated. The Hanwoo steers were randomly assigned to one of the three dietary treatments: 1) Control(commercial feed), 2) Tl(commercial feed supplemented with 2% charcoal powder and 0.2 % vitamin A), 3) T2(commercial feed with 2 % charcoal powder). In the age 26 month, body weight of control Tl and T2 were 633.8 kg, 621.0 kg, 619.4 kg, respectively, with not significantly different(P> 0.05). The daily weight gain of control was the highest followed by Tl and T2. The contents of vitamin A(retinol) and total cholesterol in the blood of Tl was higher Tl(56.32 $\ell$ / dt, 163.83 mg/ dz) than the other treatment groups(P < 0.05). The average of WBC value in the blood was 6.86-" 9.83 k / ${\mu}\ell$, RBC value was 7.98 - 11.26 k / ${\mu}\ell$ and blood platelet was 236.7 - 287.0 k / ${\mu}\ell$. But The serum profile in blood was not significantly different between control and treatment groups. The carcass grade and characteristics of all treatments in Hanwoo steers were not significantly different except the texture.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.171-181
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• 2004

A study was conducted to investigate the effect of supplementing earthworm meal (EWM) on the performance of spent laying hens after induced molting, and fatty acid composition in egg yolks. A total of 90 laying hens at 73 weeks of age were fed the experimental diets containing 0.0% (Control) and 0.2% of EWM for 4 weeks. Eggs were collected and weighted every day and Egg production and feed conversion were recorded every week during the experimental period. However fatty acid composition of egg yolk were measured at last week of experimental period. An amount of feed intake increased by supplemental with EMW except for Erst week experimental period (P<0.05). When 76 and 77 week of age, egg production and daily egg mass were improved by the supplemented with EWM (P<0.01), but average egg weight was not different when fed a EWM, therefore feed/egg mass was significantly decreased when fed a EWM. The ratio of egg yolk n-6/n-3 fatty acids contents was significantly improved fed a EMW (P<0.05). It is concluded that supplementing 0.2% of earthworm meal in the spent laying hens after induced molting was fast in recover of physical strength, therefore improves laying performance.

• Culinary science and hospitality research
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• v.4
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• pp.129-146
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• 1998

The effects of vitamin E supplement on 15%(w/w diet) perilla or corn oils were studied in rat hepatocellular chemical carcinogenesis induced by modified Solt & Farber model, which consists of 20mg/kg body weight diethylintrosamine(DEN) injection, 3 weeks feeding of 0.02%2-acetylaminofluorene(2-AAF) and partial hepatectomy. The area of placental glutathione S-transferase(GST-P) positive foci tended to be smaller in perilla oil group had lower thiobarbituric acid reactive substances(TBARS) CONTENT. Fatty acid compositions in microsomal membrane were reflected by dietary fatty acid compositions, and not affected by carcinogen treatment or vitamin E supplement. By vitamin E supplement, linolenic acid contents of perilla oil group were much increased. By carcinogen treatment, membrane stability decreased significantly in corn oil, but maintained in perilla oil groups Vitamin E supplemental effect was noticed only in the corn-carcinogen group. Perilla oil may prevent hepatocarcinogenesis by maintaining membrane stability and by reducing cytochrome P-450 content. Vitamin E supplement did not seem to have the effect on hepatocarcinogenesis, but prevented lipid peroxidation, reduced cytochrome P-450 content and maintained membrane stability.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.56 no.5
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• pp.741-748
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• 2023

This study evaluated the supplemental effects of linseed oil (LO) as a substitute for docosahexaenoic acid oil (DHAO) in the diet of juvenile Atlantic bluefin tuna. A control diet (DHA) was formulated to contain 65% enzyme-treated fish meal and 3% of DHAO. A LO diet was formulated to contain 1% LO replacing 1% DHAO in DHA diet. In a feeding trial, 300 juvenile bluefin tuna (initial body weight 1.15 g) were randomly divided into two concrete tanks (70 ton capacity) and fed one of the experimental diets for 13 days. Weight gain was higher in the LO group (519%) than in the control (443%) while survival and protein digestibility were similar between groups. The biological assessment of the tuna digestive organs did not differ between the DHA and LO groups. The fatty acid composition of the carcass showed that α-linolenic acid was only observed in the LO group, and there was no difference in the composition of eicosapentaenoic acid and docosapentaenoic acid between the groups. These results indicate that LO could be a dietary good oil source for Atlantic bluefin tuna without apparent negative effects.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.49 no.4
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• pp.481-490
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• 2007

An experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation of MOS, lectin and organic acid mixture(Organic acid F, Organic acid G) on the egg production, egg quality, profile of leukocytes and erythrocytes, small intestinal microflora and immune response in laying hens. A total of 900 Hy-line BrownⓇ laying hens of 48 wks old were assigned to one of the following 6 dietary treatments:control(C), C+AvillamycinⓇ 6ppm, C+MOS 250ppm, C+lectin 12.5ppm, C+Organic acid F(formic acid 35.4%, formate 34.6%, potassium 30.0%) 0.3% and C+0rgarnic acid G(fumaric acid 23%, calcium formate 14%, potassium sorbate 5%, calcium propionate 7%) 0.06%. Each treatment was replicated five times with thirty birds per replicate, housed in 2 bird cages. Feeding trial lasted for 6 wks under 16 hours lighting regimen. All supplemental groups were higher than the control in 6 wks hen-day and hen-housed egg production showing the highest with MOS treatment(P<0.05). Soft & broken egg productions were lower in supplemental groups than in the control except lectin treatment(P<0.05). Eggyolk color of supplemental groups was higher than that of the control except Organic acid G treatment(P<0.05). The values of RBC, HB, MCHC were highest in lectin treatment and lowest in MOS treatment(P<0.05). The numbers of intestinal microflora were not significantly different among the treatments. Serum IgG levels of all supplemental groups were higher than those of the control(P<0.05). In conclusion, for supplementation of antibiotics, immune modulators and organic acid mixture improved production parameters in general. Among the supplements, MOS showed the best performance in egg production and eggyolk color.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.125-134
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• 2002

Two experiments were conducted to compare the dietary supplemental influence of conjugated linoleic acid(CLA), soybean oil(SBO) and commercial tallow(CT) on MEn, performance and breast meat composition of broiler chicks. Diets contained 21.5, 19% CP and 3,100, 3,100kcal/kg ME for starter and finisher, respectively. Each three levels(1.0, 2.0, 3.0%) of CLA, SBO, CT were supplemented to basal diets. Five hundred fDrty and three hundred sixty one day old, male broiler chicks were replaced to 3$\times$3, 2$\times$3 factorial design with four replicates in Expt 1 and 2. Weight gain, fled intake, fled conversion, W antibody titer and fatty acid composition were measured. Metabolizable energy(ME) were measured through the metabolic feeding trial in each oil. ME was 8,542, 9,179, 8,733 kcal/kg in CLA, SBO and CT, respectively. In Expt 1, weight gain was not statistically different between dietary oil treatments. Feed intake was significantly increased by CLA supplement(P<0.05). Feed conversion was significantly improved in SBO supplemental groups of all treatments(P<0.05). Weight gain and feed intake were significantly increased and fled conversion was significantly improved in CLA 2% and 3% supplemental groups compared with CLA 1% group(P<0.05). Fatty acid composition of breast meat was changed by CLA supplement. CLA content of breast meat was 12.23, 18.74, 25.67 mg/g in 1, 2, and 3% CLA treatments and showed significant difference between them(P<0.05). In Expt 2, CLA supplements increased weight gain signi(icantly for (inishing period(P<0.05) compared to that of other treatments. There was no significant difference in M Antibody titer in Expt 1 and Expt 2. As the results of these experiments, birds fed CLA tended to gain higher weight and significantly increased CLA contents of breast meat(P<0.05).

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.19 no.8
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• pp.1179-1189
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• 2006

This experiment was designed to examine the effects of supplemental vitamin D on laying performance, metabolic profile and egg quality of hens fed diets containing different fat sources and levels. Lohman strains (n = 480) were assigned to one of 10 diets: basal diet (BD), BD plus 2.5 and 5.0% sunflower oil (SO) or tallow (T) at vitamin D provided $1{\times}$ and $3{\times}$ of the current recommendation. The experiment lasted from week 30 to 44 of age. Each diet was tested in 12 replicate cages of 4 hens. Production, metabolism, and egg quality data were subjected to three-way ANOVA. Both fats decreased feed intake (FI) as compared to BD. Increasing SO and T levels linearly decreased and quadratically increased FI, respectively. The dietary factors did not affect egg production (EP) and egg weight. Vitamin D supplementation increased and decreased EP when diets contained SO and T, respectively. Feed conversion efficiency (FCE) for hens fed SO was lower than for hens fed T. However, increasing T level improved FCE, whereas increasing SO level worsened FCR. Vitamin D supplementation increased serum vitamin D and glucose concentrations. Vitamin D supplementation also caused a decrease and an increase in serum vitamin D concentration when diets contained SO and T, respectively. Serum glucose concentration for hens fed SO was lower than hens fed T. Increasing fat level linearly increased serum triglyceride and VLDL concentrations, regardless of the fat type. Increasing SO level linearly decreased serum cholesterol concentration. Vitamin D supplementation did not alter lipid metabolites. The dietary factors did not affect serum total protein, Ca, and P concentrations. As compared with BD, feeding SO decreased dry tibia and ash weights more than feeding T. Vitamin D supplementation tended to increase dry tibia weight and decrease tibia ash weight. Eggshell strength and thickness, yolk and albumen indexes, and Haugh unit were not responsive to the dietary factors. Eggshell strength quadratically increased with increasing T level. Yolk color for hens fed SO was lower than for hens fed T. The dietary factors did not affect most of yolk fatty acids. Increasing SO level quadratically decreased yolk $C_{18:2}$ concentration. Vitamin D supplementation increased and decreased yolk $C_{18:2}$ concentration when diets contained SO and T, respectively. In conclusion, increasing fat level improved laying performance without altering metabolic profile and egg quality. Vitamin D supplementation had minor alteration effects on laying performance, metabolic profile, and egg quality in response to fat feeding.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.56 no.4
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• pp.14.1-14.7
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• 2014

Two trials were conducted to evaluate the influence of supplemental urea withdrawal on characteristics of digestion (Trial 1) and growth performance (Trial 2) of feedlot cattle during the last 40 days on feed. Treatments consisted of a steam-flaked corn-based finishing diet supplemented with urea to provide urea fermentation potential (UFP) of 0, 0.6, and 1.2%. In Trial 1, six Holstein steers ($160{\pm}10kg$) with cannulas in the rumen and proximal duodenum were used in a replicated $3{\times}3$ Latin square experiment. Decreasing supplemental urea decreased (linear effect, $P{\leq}0.05$) ruminal OM digestion. This effect was mediated by decreases (linear effect, $P{\leq}0.05$) in ruminal digestibility of NDF and N. Passage of non-ammonia and microbial N (MN) to the small intestine decreased (linear effect, P = 0.04) with decreasing dietary urea level. Total tract digestion of OM (linear effect, P = 0.06), NDF (linear effect, P = 0.07), N (linear effect, P = 0.04) and dietary DE (linear effect, P = 0.05) decreased with decreasing urea level. Treatment effects on total tract starch digestion, although numerically small, likewise tended (linear effect, P = 0.11) to decrease with decreasing urea level. Decreased fiber digestion accounted for 51% of the variation in OM digestion. Ruminal pH was not affected by treatments averaging 5.82. Decreasing urea level decreased (linear effect, $P{\leq}0.05$) ruminal N-NH and blood urea nitrogen. In Trial 2, 90 crossbred steers ($468kg{\pm}8$), were used in a 40 d feeding trial (5 steers/pen, 6 pens/treatment) to evaluate treatment effects on final-phase growth performance. Decreasing urea level did not affect DMI, but decreased (linear effect, $P{\leq}0.03$) ADG, gain efficiency, and dietary NE. It is concluded that in addition to effects on metabolizable amino acid flow to the small intestine, depriving cattle of otherwise ruminally degradable N (RDP) during the late finishing phase may negatively impact site and extent of digestion of OM, depressing ADG, gain efficiency, and dietary NE.

• Proceedings of the Korea Society of Poultry Science Conference
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• 2002.11a
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• pp.120-121
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• 2002

Two experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of feeding Monascus Purpures(MP) on the growth performance of broiler chicks and egg qualify in laying hens. In Expt 1, MP were supplemented with 0. 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0% in basal diets. Weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion were examined for five weeks and blood cholesterol, protein were measured at the end of experiment. In Expt 2, diets supplemented with 0, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0% MP were fed for two weeks. Egg qualify and yolk cholesterol were weekly measured. In Expt 1, Basal diets containing CP 21.5, 19%, ME 3,100, 3,200 kcal/kg were fed ad libitum for starting and finsihing period, repectively. In Expt 2, hens diet contained CP 16%, ME 2,800 kca1/kg and fed for two weeks. In Expt 1, weight gain of birds fed 2.0% MP was maximized at five weeks of age. Feed efficiency was not statistically different, but tended to improve in 1.0, 2.0% MP supplemental groups compared with control. Total serum cholesterol tended to be lower in 2.0% MP supplemental group but was not statistically different. In Expt 2, albumen height and Haugh unit of birds fed 1.0 and 2.0% MP were higher than other treatments, but was not statistically different. Yolk cholesterol of hens fed MP diets showed no significance.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.261-266
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• 1992

Yearling replacement heifers were used in a two-year study at the Fort Stanton Experimental Ranch near Capitan, New Mexico, USA to compare frequency (once versus three times weekly) of feeding a cottonseed cake supplement. The study involved periods of 130 days (January 4 through May 14) in 1985, and 146 days (December 4 through April 29) in 1986. In each year, supplemental periods were just before the breeding season (natural breeding in multiple-sire groups) that lasted for 75 days during first year and 60 days during second year. During the first year, all (83) heifers (Angus $\times$ Hereford) were supplemented at a level equivalent to 45 kg/head daily and during second year, all (69) heifers (Angus $\times$ Hereford, Hereford) were fed at a level equivalent to .68 kg/head daily. In the first year, heifers were sorted by initial weight into two replications, i.e., those weighing under 223 kg were placed in replicate 1 and those weighing over 223 kg were placed in replicate 2. During the second year, heifers were sorted by breed into two replications, i.e., Angus $\times$ Hereford heifers were placed in replicate 1 and Hereford heifers in replicate 2. Each year, half of the heifers in each replication were supplemented once weekly and the other half three time weekly. Weight gains of heifers were similar for the two treatments over both years of study. During the first year, weight gains for heifers supplemented once or thrice weekly (.23 vs .21 kg daily, respectively) did not differ (p>.05) and the same trend for the second year (.15 vs .16 kg daily, respectively) was observed. Similarly, breeding performance was consistent with weight gains and no difference (p>.05) between treatments was observed either year. Lower conception rates during the second tear of study (92 vs 72% for years 1 and 2, respectively) were due mainly to involvement of Hereford heifers that had an average weight of 232 kg at the start of breeding season and conception rate of 54% (averaged across both supplemental treatments). Based on the combined results of both trials, frequency of supplementation did not affect growth rate of yearling heifers nor did it influence their subsequent conception rate.