• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
• /
• v.10 no.1
• /
• pp.35-43
• /
• 2005

We describe here the complete nucleotide sequence and the exon-intron structure of the Cu,Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD1) gene of Paecilomyces tenuipes and Paecilomyces sp. The SOD1 gene of P. tenuipes spans 966 bp, and consisted of three introns and four exons coding for 154 amino acid residues. Three unambiguous introns in P. tenuipes separate exons of 13, 332, 97, and 20 bp, all exhibiting exon sizes identical to Cordyceps militaris SOD1 gene. The SOD1 gene of Paecilomyces sp. contains 946 bp and consisted of four introns and five exons coding for 154 amino acid residues. Five exons of Paecilomyces sp. SOD1 are composed of 13, 180, 152, 97, and 20 bp. Interestingly, this result showed that the total length of exons 2 (180 bp) and 3 (152 bp) of Paecilomyces sp. SOD1 is same to exon 2 length (332 bp) of C. militaris SOD1 and P. tenuipes SOD1. The deduced amino acid sequence of the P. tenuipes SOD1 showed $95\%$ identity to C. militaris SOD1 and $78\%$ to Paecilomyces sp. SOD1. Phylogenetic analysis confirmed that the C. militaris SOD1, P. tenuipes SOD1 and Paecilomyces sp. SOD1 are placed together within the ascomycetes group of fungal clade.

• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
• /
• v.25 no.4
• /
• pp.327-337
• /
• 2001

This study investigated the effects of superoxide dismutase (SOD) on lipid peroxidation and fertilizing ability in vitro of boar spermatozoa frozen-thawed. The percentages of motile sperm were highest when SOD of 10 units/$m\ell$ was added to washing medium for spermatozoa. However, the rates of motile sperm were not significantly different in different concentrations of SOD. On the other hand, the motile rates of sperm washed with SOD were lower in sperm inculbated for 120 min than 30 min regardless of the different concentrations of SOD. The percentage of spermatozoa that reached acrosome reaction were increased with incubation periods prolonged. No significant differences, however, were observed in acrosome reaction rates between sperm incubated with and without SOD supplementation for 0, 60 and 120 min. When oocyies inseminated with different concentrations of SOD, the penetration rates were significantly (P＜0.05) higher in medium with 1 unit/$m\ell$ than 0, 10 and 100 units/$m\ell$ of SOD. However, the proportions of polyspermit oocytes were significantly (P＜0.05) lower in medium with 10 and 100 units/$m\ell$ than 0 unit/$m\ell$ of SOD. In another experiment, the sperm suspension were also treated with different concentrations of SOD and were assayed far sulfhydryl(-SH) group content. In the groups treated with 100 units/$m\ell$ of SOD, sperm-SH group were higher than another groups. However, sperm-SH group content were not siginificantly different in spermatozoa treated with different concentrations of SOD. Under the same conditions, the lipid peroxidation of sperm was evaluated on the basis of malondialdehyde production. The addition of SOD to sperm suspension decreased the formation or malondialdehyde. However, there were not significantly different in sperm treated with different concentrations of SOD. The activity of sperm binding to zona pellucida was also evaluated through binding to salt-stored porcine oocytes. The sperm binding to zona pellucida were gradually increased with SOD concentrations added. The number of spermatozoa binded to zona pellucida were significantly (P＜0.05) higher in medium with 100 units/$m\ell$ than 0 units/$m\ell$ of SOD. These findings suggested that SOD cause an enhancement penetrarion ability and sperm zona binding in boar spermatozoa frozen-thawed.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
• /
• v.28 no.5
• /
• pp.865-869
• /
• 1996

Biological effect of aqueous extracts of 12 plants which showed superoxide dismutase (SOD)-like activity in vitro was evaluated using Drosophila melanogaster. Survival percentage of the flies was a criterion of effect when the flies were exported to paraquat, which generated superoxide anion radical in vivo. When flies were co-administered with paraquat and aqueous extracts of garlic, lettuce, kiwi, and nameko, they showed no defensive effect against of oxygen toxicity. If flies were exposed to 60 mM paraquat after adaptation to feed containing plant extracts with SOD-like activity for 10 days, however, survival percentage of flies fed with phytochemicals was $35{\sim}63%$ while that percentage of flies fed without phytochemical was only 11%. This result indicated that adaptation of flies to plant extracts with SOD-like activity could prevent the flies from oxidative injury. On the other hand, lettuce, kiwi, nameko, onion, persimmon, fern brake and cauliflower showed a reparative effect on an oxidative stress. Dropwort, shiitake, agaric mushroom and broccoli did not show such an effect.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
• /
• v.46 no.2
• /
• pp.183-192
• /
• 2004

Two experiments were conducted to examine the effects of the acute phase response on the performance and superoxide dismutase(SOD) activities in liver and erythrocyte of broiler chicks fed dietary krill meals A and B in experiment 1 and krill meal A in experiment 2. The experimental diets are basal diet based on yellow corn and soybean meal and diets substituted 2.0% of krill meal A or B with soybean meal of the basal diet, respectively. Day-old birds fed on the experimental diets and the acute phase response(immunological stress) was activated in the birds on 8-day of age by alternate day injection i.p. with 3 doses the Salmonella typhymurium lipopolysaccharide(LPS) in saline. The values during the acute phase response were compared with those controls injected with saline. The performance; daily gain, feed intake, and feed efficiency were different between dietary krill meal A and B in birds during the acute phase response and in the control. The acute phase response increased relative liver and spleen weights. Recovery of birds from the immunological stress was different between krill meals. Dietary krill meals increased activities of MnSOD and Cu/ZnSOD in erythrocyte cytosols during the actute phase response. Dietary krill meals did not affect the PHA-p response. The results indicated that the dietary krill meals may accentuate oxidative stress during the acute phase response.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
• /
• v.43 no.2
• /
• pp.83-90
• /
• 2007

Sphingomonas sp. KS 301, which was isolated from oil contaminated soil, was shown to have five different SODs (SODI, II, III, IV, V) which can be separated by DEAE-Sepharose chromatography, and SOD III was finally purified in this study by ammonium sulfate precipitation, DEAE-Sepharose chromatography, Superose 12 gel filtration and Uno-Q1 ion exchange chromatography. The molecular weight of SOD III was 23 kDa as determined by SDS-PAGE and the apparent molecular weight of the native enzyme was estimated to be approximately 71 kDa by Superose-12 gel filtration chromatography. These data suggest that the purified SOD consists of at least two subunits. The specific activity of the SOD III was higher than Mn type or Fe type SOD of Escherichia coli by 5 fold. To determine the type of SOD III, inhibitory effects of $NaN_{3},\;H_{2}O_{2},\;KCN$ were examined. 10 mM $NaN_{3}$ was able to inhibit 56% of the SOD III activity, which indicates that this SOD is Mn type. The optimum pH of the SOD III was 7.0 and the optimum temperature was $20^{\circ}C$. N-terminal amino acid sequence of purified SOD III was most similar to those of Psudomonase ovalis and Vibrio cholerae among bacteria.

• BMB Reports
• /
• v.46 no.8
• /
• pp.404-409
• /
• 2013

Extracellular superoxide dismutase (EC-SOD) is a metallo-protein and functions as an antioxidant enzyme. In this study, we used lentiviral vectors to generate transgenic chickens that express the human EC-SOD gene. The recombinant lentiviruses were injected into the subgerminal cavity of freshly laid eggs. Subsequently, the embryos were incubated to hatch using phases II and III of the surrogate shell ex vivo culture system. Of 158 injected embryos, 16 chicks (G0) hatched and were screened for the hEC-SOD by PCR. Only 1 chick was identified as a transgenic bird containing the transgene in its germline. This founder (G0) bird was mated with wild-type hens to produce transgenic progeny, and 2 transgenic chicks (G1) were produced. In the generated transgenic hens (G2), the hEC-SOD protein was expressed in the egg white and showed antioxidant activity. These results highlight the potential of the chicken for production of biologically active proteins in egg white.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
• /
• v.9 no.3
• /
• pp.283-288
• /
• 2004

Superoxide dismutase (SOD) from tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) fruit was purified by ammonium sulphate precipitation, Sephadex G-100 and DEAE-cellulose column chromatographies. A 22 fold purification and an overall yield of 44% were achieved. The purified enzyme was a homodimer with Mr 37.1 kDa and subunit Mr 18.2 kDa as judged by SDS-PAGE. SOD showed $K_{m}$ values of 25 ${\times}$ 10$^{-6}$ M and 1.7 ${\times}$ 10$^{-6}$ M for nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) and riboflavin as substrates, respectively. The enzyme was thermostable upto 5$0^{\circ}C$ and exhibited pH optima of 7.8. The effect of metal ions and some other compounds on enzyme activity was studied. $Co^{2+}$ and $Mg^{2+}$ were found to enhance relative enzyme activities by 27 % and 73 %, respectively, while M $n^{2+}$ inhibited the SOD activity by 64%. However, $Ca^{2+}$ and C $u^{2+}$ had no effect on enzyme activity. Other compounds like $H_2O$$_2$ and Na $N_3$ inhibited enzymatic activities by 60% and 32%, respectively, while sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS), chloroform plus ethanol and $\beta$-mercaptoethanol had no effect on the activity of SOD. of SOD.

• Toxicological Research
• /
• v.13 no.4
• /
• pp.359-365
• /
• 1997

Many factors are known to be responsible for cerebral ischemic injury, such as excitatory neurotransmitters, increased intraneuronal calcium, or disturbance of cellular energy metabolism. Recently, oxygen free radicals, formed during ischemia/reperfusion, have been proposed as one of the main causes of ischemia/reperfusion injury. Therefore, to investigate the role of oxygen free radical during ischemia/reperfusion, in the present study the effect of endogenous oxygen free radical scavenger, superoxide dismutase / catalase(SOD / catalase) on the release of [$^3$H]-5-hydroxytryptamine([$^3$H]-5-HT) during hypoxia/reoxygenation in rat hippocampal slices was measured. The hippocampus was obtained from the rat brain and sliced 400 gm thickness with manual chopper. After 30 min's preincubation in the normal buffer, the slices were incubated for 20 min in a buffer containing [$^3$H]-5-HT(0.1 $\mu$M, 74 $\mu$Ci) for uptake, and washed. To measure the release of [$^3$H]-5-HT into the buffer, the incubation medium was drained off and refilled every ten minutes through a sequence of 14 tubes. Induction of hypoxia for 20 min (gassing it with 95% N$_2$/5% CO$_2$) was done in the 6th and 7th tube, and oxygen free radical scavenger, SOD / catalase was added 10 minutes prior to induction of hypoxia. The radioactivity in each buffer and the tissue were counted using liquid scintillation counter and the results were expressed as a percentage of the total activity. When slices were exposed to hypoxia for 20 min, [$^3$H]-5-HT release was markedly decreased and a rebound release of [$^3$H]-5-HT was observed on the post-hypoxic reoxygenation period. SOD / catalase did not changed the release of [$^3$H]-5-HT in control group, but inhibited the decrease of [$^3$H]-5-HT release in hypoxic period and rebound increase of [$^3$H]-5-HT in reoxygenation period. This result suggest that superoxide anion may play a role in the hypoxic-, and reoxygenation-induced change of [$^3$H]-5-HT release in rat hippocampal slices.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
• /
• v.26 no.3
• /
• pp.171-179
• /
• 2010

Effect of chromium (Cr) stress on antioxidant enzyme activities and malondialdehyde (MDA) content were investigated in leaves and roots of mangrove (italic (L.) Druce) seedlings. Cr toxicity effects were also assessed on young seedlings. The seedlings were grown in green house condition for three months in nutrient solution with 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, and 3 mg $L^{-1}$ $CrCl_3$. This study showed that Cr led to the change of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD) and catalase (CAT) and activities at different concentrations. The activity of antioxidant enzymes in leaves of K. candel seedlings indicates that enzymes engaged in antioxidant defense in certain level especially in low concentration of Cr treatments. The activities of SOD and POD were activated by Cr in the root level, while CAT activity was inhibited. CAT activity decreased in response to high concentrations of Cr. In the present study indicated that SOD in root was active in scavenging the superoxide produced by Cr. Both in roots and leaves, an increase in malondialdehyde (MDA) content was observed with increase in metal concentration and exposure periods. Our finding indicated that the high concentration of excessive Cr supply may interfere with several metabolic processes of seedlings, causing toxicity to plants as exhibited by chlorosis, necrosis, photosynthetic impairing and finally, plant death.

• Herbal Formula Science
• /
• v.6 no.1
• /
• pp.215-226
• /
• 1998

Geagibokrounghwan (桂技茯笭湯) has long been used to cure human diseases such as vascular and blood disorders. However, it is still unkown on its action mechanism, physiolosical and biochemical meaning. Thus, many attempts were tried to show the scientific background covering the above mentioned mechanism. The effect of Geagibokrounghwan, which was known to date, as follow; effective circulation of body blood system, proliferation of leucocytes and antioxidative action. In this study, we have applied the Geagibokrounghwan administration and feed to mouse, to see effects on the expression of superoxide dismutase(SOD) mRNA as antioxidative agent and oxygen radical scavenger. Total RNAs includingmRNA have been isolated from liver and white blood cells after mice were fed with cholesterol in high dose. Also, in a separate group, the cholesterol-administrated mice were fed with Geagibokrounghwan to see the effects on SOD transcription. and then reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) usion each primer set (SOD-F;GATGAAAGCGGTGT-3'; SOD-R; 5'-CCTGTGGAGTGATT-3') were performed to trace theamounts of mRNA. SOD mRNA was specifically expressed in Geagibokrounghwan-fed mice at 2 weeks after treatment, however, gradually reduced after 4 weeks. These results indicate that Geagibokrounghwan is highly applicable in treatment of the above mentioned human diseases.