• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
• /
• 제12권4호
• /
• pp.242-249
• /
• 2004

The main aim of this study was to investigate stress related activities of Sun-ginseng extract as a candidate for anti-stress-related functional supplement by comparing its effect to those of red ginseng, which is also known to alleviate stress. Normal group was not exposed to stress while the control group was exposed to stress. Rats were orally administered once a day with 200 mg red ginseng (RG) extract, 100 or 200 mg Sun-ginseng (SG) extract/kg body weight. Mice were given water containing 400 mg red ginseng extract, 200 or 400 mg SG/100 mL potable water. Rats were given supplements for 5 days without stress, and 5 days with restraint and electroshock stress. After final stress, stress-related behavioral changes of experimental animals were recorded and levels of blood corticosterone were measured. Mice were given supplements for 5 days through drinking water, and then fatigue related motor activity were recorded. SG-supplementation partially blocked stress effect on locomotion and elevated plus maze test in rats, and also partially blocked stress-induced behavioral changes such as freezing, burrowing, smelling, facewashing, grooming and rearing behavior in rats. SG-supplementation decreased blood corticosterone level which is increased by stress in rats. Effects of SG may not be modulated by GABAnergic nervous system. SG-supplementation prolonged swimming time and staying time on the wire and rotarod wheel in mice. These results suggest that SG partially protects living organisms from stress attack in some cases and thus has the potential to be used as a functional food to alleviate stress response.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
• /
• 제22권1호
• /
• pp.73-82
• /
• 2007

Six week-old ICR mite which were divided into four groups including NC, RC, RR and RS were injected with sun ginseng (RS), red ginseng (RR) and saline (RC) intraperitonedlly as an amount of 60 mg/g body weight at 1 hour, 12 hours and 36 hours before the irradiation of high-energy X-ray and the mire were sacrificed at three and a half days after the irradiation. The RS group were significant increase in the weight of spleen (p<0.01) and the numbers of jejunal crypt cells (P<0.01), WBC (p<0.05), lymphocytes (p<0.05) and neutrophils (p<0.05) in comparison with the RC group. The RR group were significant increase in the numbers of jejunal crypt cells (p<0.001), WBC (p<0.05) and neutrophils (p<0.05) in comparison with the RC group. The RS group exhibited a more increase in the weights of spleen and thymus and the numbers of jejunal crypt cells and all items of hematological examination than the RR group. The values of ALT (alanine transaminase) and AST (aspartate transaminase) were significantly elevated (p<0.05) by radiation and they were significantly decreased (p<0.05) in the RS group to the values of the NC group. Taken together the above results, sun ginseng demonstrated a jejunal crypt survival effect, the protective effects on hepatocytes and immune and hematopoietic cells in mice irradiated with high-energy X-ray, and those radiation protective effects were a little higher in comparison with red ginseng.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
• /
• 제22권2호통권57호
• /
• pp.147-156
• /
• 2007

Six week-old ICR mice were divided into four groups including NC, RC, RR and RS, then they were injected with sun ginseng (RS), red ginseng (RR) and saline (RC) intraperitoneally as an amount of 60mg/kg body weight at 1 hour, 12 hours and 36 hours before the whole body irradiation with 6.5Gy of X-ray. And the mice were sacrificed at nine days after the irradiation. The RS group were significant increase in the weight of spleen (p<0.05) and the numbers of endogenous spleen colony (p<0.001) and WBC (p<0.05) especially neutrophils, lymphocytes and monocytes in comparison with the RC group. The RR group were significant increase in the numbers of endogenous spleen colony (p<0.01) and WBC (p<0.05) especially neutrophils, lymphocytes and eosinophils in comparison with the RC group. The RS group exhibited a more increase in the weight of spleen and the number of endogenous spleen colony than the RR group. The values of ALT (alanine transaminase) and AST (aspartate transaminase) were significantly elevated (p<0.05) by radiation and they were significantly decreased (p<0.05) in the RS group to the values of the NC group. The value of TBARS(thiobarbituric acid reactive substance) was significantly elevated (p<0.01) by radiation and it was significantly decreased (p<0.05) in the RS group. And the values of SOD (superoxide dismutase) and CAT (catalase) were significantly increased (p<0.05) in the RS group in comparison with the RC group. Taken together the above results, sun ginseng demonstrated the protective effects on hepatocytes and immune and hematopoietic cells in mice exposed to medium dose of irradiation, and those radioprotective effects were a little higher or similar to the red ginseng.

• 고려인삼학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 고려인삼학회 2008년도 춘계 학술대회
• /
• pp.81-81
• /
• 2008

• 고려인삼학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 고려인삼학회 2008년도 춘계 학술대회
• /
• pp.77-77
• /
• 2008

• Journal of Ginseng Research
• /
• 제34권2호
• /
• pp.98-103
• /
• 2010

The medicinal plant Panax ginseng (P. ginseng) contains various phytosterols and bioactive triterpene saponins (ginsenosides). Squalene synthase catalyzes the first committed step in ginsenoside biosynthesis. Transgenic plants of P. ginseng were generated by introducing the squalene synthase gene derived from P. ginseng. Adventitious roots of the transgenic ginseng grew best in B5 medium, and 2 g of inoculum secured an optimal growth rate. Two phytohormones, indolebutyric acid and 1-naphtalene acetic acid, increased root growth and decreased ginsenoside production. Treatment with two selected elicitors, chitosan and jasmonic acid, and a precursor of the isoprenoid pathway, mevalonic acid, enhanced ginsenoside production and retarded ginseng growth rate.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
• /
• 제39권4호
• /
• pp.376-383
• /
• 2015

Background: Panax ginseng has a wide range of biological activities including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and immunomodulatory functions. Wild ginseng cambial meristematic cells (CMCs) were obtained from P. ginseng cambium. This study examined the protective mechanism of wild ginseng CMCs against $\small{D}$-galactosamine (GalN)-induced liver injury. GalN, a well-known hepatotoxicant, causes severe hepatocellular inflammatory damage and clinical features similar to those of human viral hepatitis in experimental animals. Methods: Hepatotoxicity was induced in rats using GalN (700 mg/kg, i.p.). Wild ginseng CMCs was administered orally once a day for 2 wks, and then 2 h prior to and 6 h after GalN injection. Results: Wild ginseng CMCs attenuated the increase in serum aminotransferase activity that occurs 24 h after GalN injection. Wild ginseng CMCs also attenuated the GalN-induced increase in serum tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$, interleukin-6 level, and hepatic cyclooxygenase-2 protein and mRNA expression. Wild ginseng CMCs augmented the increase in serum interleukin -10 and hepatic heme oxygenase-1 protein and mRNA expression that was induced by GalN, inhibited the increase in the nuclear level of nuclear factor-kappa B, and enhanced the increase in NF-E2-related factor 2. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that wild ginseng CMCs protects liver against GalN-induced inflammation by suppressing proinflammatory mediators and enhancing production of anti-inflammatory mediators.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
• /
• 제29권2호
• /
• pp.219-226
• /
• 1986

음지식물(陰地植物)인 인삼(人蔘)과 양지식물(陽地植物)인 대두(大豆) 및 옥수수 사이에는 엽색소(葉色素)의 구성(構成)에 종류(種類)와 양적비율(量的比率)의 차이(差異)가 있을 것으로 추정(推定)하여 이를 비교검토(比較檢討)한 결과(結果)를 이에 보고(報告)한다. 후행(後行)의 인삼, 콩, 옥수수간에 총엽록소, carotenes, xanthophylls 함량의 큰 차이는 나타나지 않았으며 전행(前行)의 인삼에서는 이들 모두의 함량이 낮았다. 인상에서는 전체 carotenoids에 대한 lutein의 몰비(比)가 높았고 옥수수에서는 violaxanthin의 몰비(比)가 높았으며, 전행(前行)의 인상에서 neoxanthin의 몰비(比)가 높았다. 콩, 옥수수에서는 antheraxanthin류(類)로 추정되는 epoxy carotenoid가 있었으나 인상에서는 관찰되지 않았다. Carotenes 함량에 대한 chlorophyll 함량의 비(比)는 인삼에서 가장 높았다. 인삼에 있어서는 광(光)을 더 받는 전행(前行)에서 lutein과 carotenes의 몰비(比)가 감소되고, neoxanthin 과 violaxanthin의 몰비(比)가 증가되었다.

• 식품과학과 산업
• /
• 제40권2호
• /
• pp.30-45
• /
• 2007

• 고려인삼학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 고려인삼학회 1990년도 Proceedings of International Symposium on Korean Ginseng, 1990, Seoul, Korea
• /
• pp.87-94
• /
• 1990