• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.9 no.6
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• pp.711-714
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• 1996

The present study investigated the hypophysial responsiveness in terms of GnRH induced LH and FSH release in cycling buffalo during the tropical summer and winter climatic conditions (seasons). Peripheral plasma LH and FSH levels were measured at 1 hour before and 6 hours subsequent to the administration of GnRH (1 ug/kg body weight) or saline on Day 14 of oestrous cycle in 2 groups of buffalo (n = 6 each) during summer and winter seasons. Although GnRH induced LH peak concentrations did not differ during the two seasons, time to attain LH peak concentration was shorter (p < 0.05) and the area under LH peak was 39% higher (p < 0.05) during winter season in comparison to summer season. However, season had no effect on GnRH induced peak FSH concentration, time to attain peak FSH concentration and the area under FSH peak. Pretreatment basal LH and FSH levels did not differ during the two seasons. The present study suggests that the summer season adversely affects the GnRH stimulated release of LH in buffalo.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.333-342
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• 2000

The purpose of this study was to evaluate microbiological quality for each stage of the kimbap manufacturing process in summer and winter. Under the various controlled conditions through the simulation, the time-temperature data were collected and the microbiological quality(including total plate count, coliforms, and fecal coliform count) were evaluated. To determine the expected shelf life of Kimbap, a microbiolgical analysis according to the length of the storage time was performed. The microbiological analysis on both sanitary and unsanitary utensils was compared. The microbiological quality of the raw materials of Kimbap in summer was not at an acceptable level, but that of the heat-treated raw materials of Kimbap met the requirement according to the standards set by the Natick Research Center. The number of the microorganisms of the unsanitary utensils and the Kimbap made from unsanitary utensils was more than the acceptable criteria. Sanitary management is necessary to prohibit cross-contamination and to manufacture Kimbap safely. Results from storage times and storage temperature conditions(chilled and room-temperature storage) showed that the expected shelf-life of the Kimbap with the room-temperature storage was as less than 3 hours in summer, while it was as 7-10 hours in winter.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.20 no.5
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• pp.499-505
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• 2016

The quantitative sudomotor axon reflex testing (QSART) is a classic test of routine postganglionic sudomotor function. We investigated sudomotor function by QSART after summer (July 2012) and winter (January 2013) seasonal acclimation (SA) in the Republic of Korea. QSART with acetylcholine (ACh) iontophoresis were performed to determine directly activated (DIR) and axon reflex-mediated (AXR1, 2) sweating rate. Onset time of axon reflex, activated sweat gland density (ASGD), activated sweat gland output (ASGO), tympanic and skin temperatures ($T_{ty}$, $T_{sk}$), basal metabolic rate (BMR), and evaporative loss volume changes were measured. Tympanic and mean body temperature (${\bar{T}}_b$; calculated from $T_{ty}$, $T_{sk}$) were significantly lower after summer-SA than that of winter-SA. Sweat onset time was delayed during winter-SA compared to that after summer-SA. BMR, AXR(1), AXR(2), and DIR sweat rates, ASGD and ASGO, and evaporative loss volume were significantly diminished after winter-SA relative to after summer-SA. In conclusion, changes in sweating activity measured by QSART confirmed the involvement of the peripheral nervous system in variation of sudomotor activity in seasonal acclimation.

• Atmosphere
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.221-228
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• 2011

The nonlinear characteristics of summer monsoon intraseasonal oscillation (ISO) in precipitation, which is manifested as fluctuations in convection and circulation, is one of the major difficulty on the prediction of East Asian summer monsoon (EASM). The present study aims to identify the spatial distribution and time evolution of nonlinear phases of monsoon ISO. In order to classify the different phases of monsoon ISO, Self-Organizing Map(SOM) known as a nonlinear pattern recognition technique is used. SOM has a great attractiveness detecting self-similarity among data elements by grouping and clustering such self-similar components. The four important patterns are demonstrated as Meiyu-Baiu, Changma, post-Changma, and dry-spell modes. It is found that SOM well captured the formation of East Asian monsoon trough during early summer and its northward migration together with enhanced convection over subtropical western Pacific and regionally intensive precipitation including Meiyu, Changma and Baiu. The classification of fundamental large scale spatial pattern and evolutionary history of nonlinear phases of monsoon ISO provides the source of predictability for extended-range forecast of summer precipitation.

• Atmosphere
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.91-100
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• 2010

In accordance with the time series of rainfall in summer (June, July and August) in South and North Korea for recent 28 years (1981-2008), rainfall is substantially increased in South Korea since 1996, while it is significantly decreased in North Korea. In particular, the decreasing tendency of rainfall in summer in North Korea is more definitely observed during the $2^{nd}$ rainy season (late August - mid September) in intraseasonal variation. Such a feature is also confirmed in the spatial distribution of oscillation pattern between South and North Korea on the basis of 1996 which is obtained by empirical orthogonal function analysis using the summer rainfall observed in all weather observation stations in South and North Korea. For the decreasing tendency of rainfall in North Korea, it is found that northeasterlies from anticyclonic circulation centered on around Baikal Lake weaken convective activity during summer. On the contrary, the increasing tendency of rainfall in South Korea is related to the strengthened cyclonic circulation in the southern region of China and accordingly, enhances southwesterlies in South Korea.

• Journal of Sericultural and Entomological Science
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.17-20
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• 1993

Cold damage of mulberry in Kangweon Province is generally higher that of other provinces. Farmers suspected cold damage caused from late summer fertilizer. To understand the effect of late summer fertilizer. To understand the effect of late summer fertilizer, two additional summer fertilizer times, August 10 and 20, were compared with conventional time(June, 20). Mulberry yield increased by 10~30% in 1m middle cut, and 10~17% in leaf picking method in August 10 treatment, compared with conventional. Additional summer fertilizer did not increase cold damage rate of branches. Leaf yield in leaf picking was higher by 6~29% that that of 1m middle cut.

• Atmosphere
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.319-323
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• 2024

It has been recognized that interannual relationship between Northeast Asian and western North Pacific (WNP) summer monsoon intensities has a negative correlation with a statistical significance. This teleconnection can be understood by the responses to the stationary Rossby wave, which is forced by variability of the western North Pacific summer monsoon intensity. In addition, the relationship between two monsoon intensities have a large variability on decadal time-scale associated with adjacent climate variability. The study for the recent changes in these long-term relationships has not been reported so far. This study suggests the recent relationship between Northeast Asian and WNP summer monsoons with an extension of the analysis period in the previous studies. Based on the reanalysis datasets, this study also shows atmospheric teleconnection changes associated with El Nino in summertime during the different decadal periods. This study also suggests the possible reasons for the analysis results in terms of teleconnection changes.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.16 no.7
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• pp.988-995
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• 2003

Physiological parameters were measured on six primiparous, non-pregnant Holstein cows prior to peak lactation over a 3-month summer season in southwestern Taiwan. The objectives were to characterize heat stress-induced change in functionality of mammary gland under natural climates of tropical summer and to establish physiological indices applicable to this environment in referring to this change. Environmental and physiological readings, milk and blood samples were taken at 15:00 h biweekly for totally five time points during the study. Climate readings showed that the afternoon humidex value reached the highest (53.5) around mid summer. Rectal temperature of cows taken simultaneously varied between $38.26^{\circ}C$ and $40.02^{\circ}C$ in parallel to humidex. Milk production declined drastically from 29.2 to 22.2 kg/d the first month entering summer but leveled up at end of the summer season suggesting effects exerted by heat stress rather than stages of lactation. Lactose content decreased linearly (p<0.05) with times in summer, from 4.69 to 4.38%. On the other hand, activity of N-acetylglucosaminidase (NAGase) in milk increased linearly to over two folds (p<0.05) during the same intervals. Elevations of fractional constituent of BSA in whey protein and serum cortisol level were also noticed in the course. Measurement of arteriovenous concentration (A-V) difference across the mammary gland demonstrated net uptake of glucose and net release of urea throughout the study period. The amount of urea released from mammary gland increased (p<0.05) progressively from 1.54 to 7.76 mg/dl during summer. It is concluded that gradual regression of mammary gland occurred along the humid tropical summer season. This regression is likely initiated through elevation of body temperature, which is irreversible above certain point. The increased release of urea from mammary gland during heat stress suggests its potential role as an early indicator of suboptimal mammary function.

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.64-81
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• 2016

To analyze the influence of various groundwater flow rates (specific discharge) on BHE system with balanced and unbalanced energy loads under assuming same initial temperature (15℃) of ground and groundwater, numerical modeling using FEFLOW was used for this study. When groundwater flow is increased from 1 × 10⁻⁷ to 4 × 10⁻⁷m/s under balanced energy load, the performance of BHE system is improved about 26.7% in summer and 22.7% at winter time in a single BHE case as well as about 12.0~18.6% in summer and 7.6~8.7% in winter time depending on the number of boreholes in the grid, their array type, and bore hole separation in multiple BHE system case. In other words, the performance of BHE system is improved due to lower avT in summer and higher avT in winter time when groundwater flow becomes larger. On the contrary it is decreased owing to higher avT in summer and lower avT in winter time when the numbers of BHEs in an array are increased, Geothermal plume created at down-gradient area by groundwater flow is relatively small in balanced load condition while quite large in unbalanced load condition. Groundwater flow enhances in general the thermal efficiency by transferring heat away from the BHEs. Therefore it is highly required to obtain and to use adequate informations on hydrogeologic characterristics (K, S, hydraulic gradient, seasonal variation of groundwater temperature and water level) along with integrating groundwater flow and also hydrogeothermal properties (thermal conductivity, seasonal variation of ground temperatures etc.) of the relevant area for achieving the optimal design of BHE system.

• Journal of Astronomy and Space Sciences
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.101-111
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• 2023

We conducted a statistical study of polar mesospheric summer echoes (PMSEs) in relation to magnetic local time (MLT), considering the geomagnetic conditions using the K-index (or K). Additionally, we performed a case study to examine the velocity profile, specifically for high velocities (≥ ~100 m/s) varying with high temporal resolution at high K-index values. This study utilized the PMSE data obtained from the mesosphere-stratosphere-troposphere radar located in Esrange, Sweden (63.7°N, 21°E). The change in K-index in terms of MLT was high (K ≥ 4) from 23 to 04 MLT, estimated for the time PMSE was present. During the near-midnight period (0-4 MLT), both PMSE occurrence and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) displayed an asymmetric structure with upper curves for K ≥ 3 and lower curves for K < 3. Furthermore, the occurrence of high velocities peaked at 3-4 MLT for K ≥ 3. From case studies focusing on the 0-3 MLT period, we observed persistent eastward-biased high velocities (≥ 200 m/s) prevailing for ~18 min. These high velocities were accompanied with the systematic motion of profiles at 85-88 km, including large shear formation. Importantly, the rapid variations observed in velocity could not be attributed to neutral wind effects. The present findings suggest a strong substorm influence on PMSE, especially in the midnight and early dawn sectors. The large zonal drift observed in PMSE were potentially energized by local electromagnetic fields or the global convection field induced by the electron precipitation during substorms.