• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
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• v.20 no.2 s.33
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• pp.68-76
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• 2007

Objectives : This experimental study was performed to investigate the effects of Sulfur extract on anti-inflammation and anti-Propionibacterium acnes. Methods : The cytotoxicity of Sulfur extract about viability of Raw 264.7 cell were tested using a colorimetric tetrazolium assay(MTT assay). To investigate the anti-inflammation effects of Sulfur extract on LPS-induced macrophage Raw 264.7 cell, we used ELISA kit and Western blots. We evaluated anti-oxidation effects of Sulfur extract on HaCaT cell by Enzyme recycling method. And we investigated the inhibitory effects of Sulfur extract on Propionibactrium acnes using paper disk diffusion method. Results: 1. Sulfur extract has a little cytotoxicity in Raw 264.7 cell. 2. Concentration of $100\;{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ Sulfur extract inhibited the production of NO in the Raw 264.7 cell stimulated with LPS. 3. Sulfur extract showed a oxidation inhibition effect by decreasing the DPPH radicals. 4. Sulfur extract has not the significant inhibition effect of Propionibactrium acnes. Conclusions: These results indicate that Sulfur extract has anti-inflammation and anti-oxidation effects. If further study is performed, the use of Sulfur extract will be valuable and benificial in the therapy of Propionibactrium acnes.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.563-567
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• 1998

Volatile flavor components of edible portion of leek(Allium tuberosum R.) were extracted by SDE(simultaneous steam distillation and extraction) method using the mixture of n-pentane and diethylether (1 : 1, v/v) as an extract solvent and analyzed by GC-FID and GC/MS. Identification of the volatile flavor components was mostly based on the RI of GC and mass spectrum of GC/MS. A total of sixty-five components from leek extract were classified as 28 sulfur-containing compounds, 12 aldehydes, 9 alcohols, 4 lactones and esters, 3 acids and hydrocarbons, and 2 miscellaneous compouds. The sulfur-containing compounds were predominant in leek extract. Dimethyl disulfide(19.47%) and dimethyl trisulfide(17.38%) were the main compounds and trans-1-propenyl methyl disulfide, trans-2-hexenal and methyl allyl disulfide were also detected large amounts in leek.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.133-139
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• 1995

Solvent extract of homogenates of fresh garlic or pickled garlic was subjected to GC-MS analysis, which showed 30 volatile sulfur compounds for fresh garlic and 20 compounds for processed one. Maior sulfur compounds from fresh garlic extract were identified to be 3-vinyl-[4H]-1,2-dithiin, diallyl disulfide,3,4-dimethylthiophene and methyl allyl sulfide. Meanwhile, the number of volatile compounds from pickled garlic decreased gradually during storage. Diallyl disulfide, methyl allyl trisulfide and diallyl trisulfide were major volatile sulfur compounds from pickled garlic stored for 50 days. It is appeared that the amount of trisulfides in pickled garlic increased gradually during storage, in contrast to the amount of dithiins and monosulfides in pickled garlic decreased.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.42 no.10
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• pp.1567-1575
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• 2013

Anti-inflammatory effects of sulfur-fed duck extract on colitis induced by 2.5% dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) were examined in male Balb/c mice. Animals were divided into eight groups: normal (0.1 mL of PBS without 2.5% DSS), control (0.1 mL of PBS with 2.5% DSS), SD-H (3 mL/kg of high sulfur-fed duck extract), SD-L (1 mL/kg of low sulfur-fed duck extract), GD-H (3 mL/kg of high general duck extract), GD-L (1 mL/kg of low general duck extract), GC-H (3 mL/kg of high general chicken extract), and GC-L (1 mL/kg of low general chicken extract). Mice were fed PBS or six different doses of extracts (sulfur-fed duck, general duck, and chicken), once daily for 14 days. Colitis was induced from day 7 to 14 via the administration of 2.5% DSS in drinking water. The colon length was significantly shortened in mice compared to the control group. The administration of SD-H, SD-L, and GD-L increased colon length and decreased histological colon injury from DSS-induced colitis. However, chicken extracts did not recover any clinical sign of the colitis. SD-L significantly suppressed not only the concentrations of IL-$1{\beta}$, IL-6, TNF-${\alpha}$, IL-17A, and IL-12 in serum but also the mRNA expressions of IL-6, TNF-${\alpha}$, iNOS and COX-2 in DSS-treated colon tissues (P<0.05). The administration of SD-H suppressed the concentrations of IL-6 in serum and the mRNA expressions of IL-6, iNOS, and COX-2 in colon tissues. Administration of GD-L suppressed the concentrations of IL-6, TNF-${\alpha}$, and IL-17A in serum and the mRNA expressions of IL-6, iNOS, and COX-2 in colon tissues. The inhibitory effects of sulfur-fed duck extracts were effective at a dose of 1 mL/kg. Our results indicate that sulfur-fed duck extracts may possess anti-inflammatory effects on DSS-induced colitis mice.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.41-49
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• 2015

This study was performed to assess the antioxidant activity of Allium hookeri root extract (AHE) on lipid oxidation of raw sulfur-fed pork patties for 14 d of refrigerated storage. Different concentration of ethanol (0-100%) and time (1-12 h) were applied to determine the extraction condition. Water (0% ethanol) extraction for 1 h was selected as an optimal extraction condition of AHE for the following study showing the highest total phenolic content and total flavonoid content, as well as the strongest antioxidant activity. The 1% AHE (SP1), 3% AHE (SP2), and 0.05% ascorbic acid (SP3) were added into sulfur-fed pork patties against controls; SP0 (sulfur-fed pork patties with no AHE) and P0 (normal pork patties with no AHE). The pH values of P0 and SP0 significantly increased (p<0.05) than others on 14 d and redness of P0 showed the largest decrement during storage. P0 and SP0 showed higher production of conjugated dienes on d 7 than others (p<0.05). Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) values were decreased in proportion to the increased level of AHE on 14 d (p<0.05) resulting in higher TBARS values on P0 and SP0 (p<0.05) and the negative correlation between AHE level and TBARS were also demonstrated (r=-0.910, p=0.001). Therefore, the results suggest that AHE effectively retarded the lipid oxidation rate of sulfur-fed pork patties indicating the potential usage of AHE as a natural preservative.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.17 no.5
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• pp.1032-1037
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• 2008

Lowly volatile heterocyclic sulfur compounds generated in autoclaved garlic extract were isolated and identified, and their antimicrobial activity was determined. Two kinds of unusual volatile sulfur compounds were separated from heated garlic by preparative recycling high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and identified by gas chromatography (GC)-mass spectrometry (MS) and $^1H$-nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). They had heterocyclic structures with 4 to 5 sulfur atoms in the molecules. 4-Methyl-1,2,3-trithiolane (MTTT) is highly volatile and was not able to be concentrated, and was identified by GCMS only. MTTT and 6-methyl-1,2,3,4,5-pentathiepane (MPTP) are lowly volatile and were obtained in pure states to be positively identified for the first time. All 3 heterocyclic sulfur compounds began to appear by the time when the early-formed diallyl sulfides started to disappear. The minimum inhibitory concentration range of MTTT and MPTP was determined to be between 1 and 6 ppm against all yeasts tested. MTTT and MPTP were lowly volatile and sparingly soluble in water.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.771-775
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• 2009

Antimicrobial activity of garlic (pH 6.0) heated at $120^{\circ}C$ reached its maximum at 45 min of heating and maintained the level for the rest of heating time (300 min) when tested against Candida utilis ATCC42416. The principal antimicrobial compound was allyl alcohol (AA), a highly volatile compound without sulfur in its molecule. The concentration of AA in heated garlic gradually increased to over 2,000 ppm for the first 90 min and stayed at the level without appreciable changes in spite of further heating. Other antimicrobial compounds secondary to AA were lowly volatile sulfur compounds including diallyl polysulfides (diallyl trisulfide, diallyl tetrasulfide, and diallyl pentasulfide) and heterocyclic sulfur compounds (4-methyl-1,2,3-trithiolane, 5-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrathiane, and 6-methyl-1,2,3,4,5-pentathiepane). When the pH of the garlic extract was lowered before heating, considerably more secondary antimicrobial sulfur compounds were formed and the antimicrobial activity was stronger than the pH unadjusted garlic. Lowly volatile sulfur compounds contributed a significant part of antimicrobial activity of heated garlic only during the early period (45-120 min) of heating regardless of pH treatment.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.184-190
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• 2006

Young radishes (YR, yeolmu in Korean) were cultivated in soil with and without sulfur. Control YR-kimchi and sulfur YR-kimchi were prepared using the young radishes cultivated in the soil without and with 1,818 $g/m^3$ sulfur, respectively. Fermentation of the YR-kimchis were conducted at $5^{\circ}C$ for 6 weeks. The control and sulfur YR-kimchis were reached pH 4.39 and pH 4.31 with 0.98% and 1.04% acidity at 5 weeks, respectively. At a higher concentration of 20 ${\mu}L/assay$, the sulfur YR-kimchi juice exhibited higher inhibitory effects (84%) on the growth of HT-29 human colon cancer cells than the control YR-kimchi (57%). Methanol extract from the YR-kimchis also led to similar results to those of the juices. In the inhibition study by hematocytometer, YR-kimchis inhibited the growth of cells in a time-dependent manner. Sulfur YR-kimchi induced apoptosis as determined by 4,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) staining and decreased Bcl-2 expression of active anticancer compounds, when compared to the control YR-kimchi. These results suggested that preparing kimchi using YR cultivated in the presence of sulfur, which can help to synthesize active compounds, could increase the anti-cancer activity of sulfur YR-kimchi.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.572-583
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• 2014

This study was carried out to determine the action mechanism of sulfur-grain larvae extract (SGE) on anti-obesity and the reduction of blood lipid level in high-fat diet induced obese model animals. Animals were classified into a normal diet group (NC, normal control), HFD (high-fat diet without SGE), HFD 15 (high-fat diet + oral administration of 15 mg of SGE extract per 100 g body weight) and HFD 30 (high-fat diet + oral administration of 30 mg of SGE extract per 100 g body weight). The body weight gain declined in HFD 15 and HFD 30 groups compared with the HFD group, even though the diet intake increased significantly. The weight of liver and adipose tissue increased significantly in HFD group compared with in the HFD 15 and HFD 30 groups. Triglyceride, total cholesterol, LDL-C and AI decreased in HFD 15 and HFD 30 groups compared with in the HFD group, but the contents of HDL-C increased significantly. Expression of SREPB-$1{\alpha}$, SREPB-2 mRNA in the liver was lower in the high-fat diet group compared with the HFD group, but the expression of LPL mRNA in adipose tissue and $PPAR{\alpha}$ increased significantly. Fat accumulation in the liver tissues and liver damage were greatly reduced in HFD 15 and HFD 30 groups compared with in the HFD group. The size of adipocytes became smaller in the HFD 15 and HFD 30 groups compared with HFD group. In conclusion, this research discovered for the first time that grain maggot has anti-obesity effects, by reducing the abdominal fat of obese model animals and lowering blood lipid level through the down-regulation of PPAR-$1{\alpha}$ and SREPB-2 mRNA and the up-regulation of PPAR-${\alpha}$ mRNA.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.567-582
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• 2015

Botrytis cinerea infects stems, leaves and fruits of greenhouse tomato and can cause serious economic losses. This study was conducted to develop organic farming control method against tomato gray mold. Twenty two organic farming materials including mineral and plant extracts were screened for the suppressive activity against Botrytis cinerea, in vitro and in vivo. Among the organic farming materials, sulfur, copper, Chinese twinleaf extract and rhubarb extract decreased by 51.7-90% of the spore germination of Botrytis cinerea. Also, gray mold incidence was reduced more than 90% on tomato stems by treating sulfur, seaweed extracts, rhubarb root extracts and Chinese twinleaf extract. After the selected four organic farming materials were applied on tomato cultivated in greenhouse, their control effects against the tomato gray mold were tested. When the water soluble sulfur was foliar-sprayed on the tomato leaves infected by artificial inoculation with spore suspension of Botrytis cinerea, it showed 87.9% of control value. Also, control activity of the water soluble sulfur was paralleled with chemical fungicide, diethofencarb+carbendazim. The above mentioned results indicate the sulfur formulation can be used as chemical fungicide alternatives for controlling tomato gray mold in the greenhouse.