• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.17 no.10
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• pp.1111-1120
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• 2008

In order to study the degree of improved air quality as an outcome of the action plan of Atmospheric Environment Improvement in Gimhae, Gyeongnam Province, we investigated the status and trends of air pollutant before and after the plan. Nitrogen dioxide and ozone, both classified as hazardous substances, were closely monitored with particular attention. The level of sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, fine particles and ozone (but for carbon monoxide) was decreased after the plan was implemented. The number of days on which ozone exceeded the National Ambient Air Quality Standard has decreased, but the level was still often exceeded. The level of nitrogen dioxide did not surpass until the 2006 standard, but when the revised 2007 standard was implemented, it exceeded 80% of some standards. The yearly level of ozone has decreased since the plan was introduced. The concentration of nitrogen dioxide, however, has reduced in high order area while increased in low order area.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.9-19
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• 2010

Objective: To compare the contents and transfer rate of hazardous substances in crude, washing solution, crude after washing, decoction and remnant after boiling. Methods: The heavy metal contents of each step were measured by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer (ICP-MS) and mercury analyzer (SP-3DS). In order to analyze pesticides in each sample we used simultaneous multi-residue analysis of pesticides by GC/ECD, which was followed by GC/MSD analysis to confirm the identity of the detected pesticide in each sample. In addition, the contents of sulfur dioxide ($SO_2$) were performed by Monier-Williams distillation method. Results: 1. Contents (mg/kg) of heavy metals were not detected in decoctions of any tested herbal medicine prescriptions. 2. Transfer rates (%) of heavy metals from crude to remnant were as follows: Yijin-tang (As: 46.9, Cd: 50.0 and Pb: 100.0), Oryung-san (As: 80.0, Cd: 100.0 and Pb: 73.8), Hwangryunhaedok-tang (As: 88.9, Cd: 71.4 and Pb: 92.7), Bangpungtongseong-san (As: 100.0, Cd: 17.3 and Pb: 56.1), Oyaksungi-san (As: 47.4, Cd: 175.0 and Pb: 142.4). 3. Contents (mg/kg) of residual pesticides were not detected in any samples. 4. Transfer rate (%) of sulfur dioxide ($SO_2$) from crude to remnant in all samples were as follows: Yijin-tang (25.0), Oryung-san (166.7), Hwangryunhaedok-tang (50.0), Bangpungtongseong-san (181.8), Oyaksungi-san (50.0). Conclusion: Our results showed that the boiled herbal medicine prescriptions which we take are safe from the hazardous substances.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.320-325
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• 2001

In fermentation characteristics, R2 was suitable for fast start and fermentation, while UCD530 was tool suitable far complete fermentation at 25$^{\circ}C$. T73 and AC- strains produced much more total acid compared to other strains and it was concerned with producing large amount of succinic acid and acetic acid. OC-2, UCD530, Beaujolais, and BC strains revealed low fermentation efficiency (below 62.0%), but EC1118, RC212, T73 and BM45 strains showed opposit result (above 70.0%). D254 and Wadenswil 27 seemed to have excellent cohesive ability because these two yeast strains made somewhat hard precipitation at the bottom after complete fermentation. T73 and CEG gave higher amounts of acetic acid (above 630 mg/L), while UCD530, W-3 and Beaujolais recorded low concentration (below 200 mg/L). In sulfur dioxide tolerance, preferable culturing temperature and times were 25$^{\circ}C$ and 72 hr respectively. The strains R2, BM45 and L2056 revealed high sulfur dioxide tolerance (above 30mg/L), white 71B, Wadenswil 27 and Beaujolais showed the opposite result (below 5mg/L)

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.143-147
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• 2009

A survey of food preservatives, sulfur dioxide and microbial contamination levels was conducted on 73 seasoned dried fishes(41 squids, 17 filleted fish, 6 Alaska pollack, 9 others) collected from domestic markets and internet. Among preservatives, only sorbic acid was detected in 25 samples including 23 seasoned dried squids, 1 seasoned filleted fish and 1 seasoned dried Alaska pollack with a range $0.01{\sim}0.92g/kg$. Sulfur dioxide was detected from one sample(seasoned dried squid) and its content was 10.5 mg/kg. All samples were contaminated by total aerobic bacteria, and the degree was $3.00{\sim}6.45\;log_{10}$ CFU/g(average level was $5.09\;log_{10}$ CFU/g). Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp. and Staphylococcus aureus were not detected in all samples. On the basis of the results above, most of the seasoned dried fishes were appropriate for Korea food standard, yet biological hygiene control will be needed constantly.

• The Journal of the Petrological Society of Korea
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.143-149
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• 2016

Eruptive volumes of three monogenetic volcanoes (Songaksan tuff ring, Biyangdo scoria cone, and Ilchulbong tuff cone) with the youngest eruption age are calculated using the model, applied to Auckland Volcanic Field in New Zealand, to investigate the volcanic eruption scale and to evaluate volcanic hazard of Jeju Island. Calculated eruptive volumes of the volcanoes are $24,987,557m^3$, $9,652,025m^3$, and $11,911,534m^3$, respectively, and the volumes include crater infill, tuff ring (tuff cone), scoria cone, and lava flow. Volcanic explosivity indices of Songaksan tuff ring, Biyangdo scoria cone, and Ilchulbong tuff cone are estimated based on the eruptive volumes to be 3, 2, and 3 respectively, and eruption type is Strombolian to Surtseyan. It is assumed that the amount of emitted sulfur dioxide gas is $2-8{\times}10^3kt/y$ according to the correlation between volcanic explosivity index and volcanic sulfur dioxide index. Recent age dating researches reveal evidences of several volcanic activities during the last 10,000 years indicating the possible volcanic eruption in Jeju Island in the near future. Therefore, it is necessary for appropriate researches regarding volcanic eruption of the island to be accomplished. In addition, establishment of the evaluation and preparation system for volcanic hazard based on the researches is required.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.241-251
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• 1991

In order to investigate the effect of Panax ginseng extract and it's degree in mucociliary change of mice nasal septum epithelia exposured to sulfur dioxide, 96 ICR male mice were used. They were at first divided the 4th week, the 8th week or the 16th week groups according to the age after birth and 6 hour or 12 hour groups according to the $SO_2$ gas exposured hour in a day, and at control, 50mg, 100mg and 200mg injection groups according to the dosage of the freeze-drying powder of the ginseng extract which was injected into the mouse peritoneal cavities in the condition of the solution solved with physiological saline solution. Each subgroups which were divided finaly included 4 male mice. The histological tissue sections for observation were made from nasal septum, posterior nasal orfice and trachea. The results obtained by experiments were summarized as followings. 1. The loss of the nasal mucosa epithelial cilia of the mouse exponsure to the $SO_2$ gas after ginseng extract injection was apparently diminish eompare to those exposured only $SO_2$ gas without pretreatment of ginseng extract (p<0.01). 2. The inhibition effect for the loss of nasal mucocilia according to the ginseng extract dosages not found in this research (p>0.05). 3. There were differences in the loss of nasal mucosa cilia according to the $SO_2$ gas exposure time between the control group and ginseng extract pretreatment group (p<0.01). 4. According to the increase of the postnatal time, there were remarkable differences between the control group and the ginseng extract pretreatment groups in the loss of nasal mucosa cilia (p<0.01). 5. Ciliary changes of the posterior nasal orifice and trachea according to the $SO_2$ gas exposure time, mice age and ginseng dosages, were not dearly observed in this light microscopical observation.

• Korean Journal of Bronchoesophagology
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.29-37
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• 2000

Background and Objectives : The concentration of sulfur dioxide($SO_2$) gas in the ambient air appears increasing in the industry and urban area day by day. It was known that $SO_2$ is noxious gas. $SO_2$ can be irritating to the eyes, nose, throat, upper respiratory tract and skin. It produces sulfurous acid on contact with water and is extremely irritating to the nasopharynx and respiratory tract. Laminin is a family of extracellular matrix glycoproteins localized in the basement membrane that separates epithelial cells from the underlying stroma. The biological activities of laminin are to promote cell migration, wound healing, growth and differentiation. Meterials and Methods : The histologic changes and the expression of laminin in tracheal mucosa sacrificed at every weeks (to 7 weeks) after continued $SO_2$ exposure of 250ppm for 30 minutes a day were studied in rats. Results : Pathologic tissue was formed at the tracheal mucosa and the underlying tissue by the infiltration of monocytes and epithelium was transformed to the single cell layered epithelium above 5 weeks after exposure. At the 6 weeks after exposure, epithelial cells were partially lost and epithelial cell layer was transformed to be leaf-shaped. Submucosal tissue was transformed to be lymphatic tissue. An intense positive staining for laminin was found in apical cytoplasm and lateral surface of the normal epithelial cells and basement membrane but at the 5 and 6 weeks after exposure, laminin activity was decreased to the moderate activity. At the 7 weeks after exposure, laminin activity was decreased to the weak activity. Conclusion : Our finding suggests that $SO_2$ makes histologic damage on the tracheal mucosa and decreases immunoreactivity for laminin. Longer duration of the exposure of $SO_2$ makes more histologic damage on the tracheal mucosa and decreases immunoreactivity for laminin.

• Journal of Society of Preventive Korean Medicine
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.55-65
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• 1998

Surfur dioxide, one of the air pollutants, has been related increasing morbidity rates due to respiratory damages. To investigate the effect of Bopaetang(補肺湯) on rats induced by exposur of $SO_2$, an experimental study was done the changes on white blood cell(W5C), the content of glycoprotein in treachea and the edema, congestion, inflammatory infiltrates of trachea. The experimental groups are the normal group, control group and sample group( administered Bopaetang to rats induced by exposur of $SO_2$). The results were as follows; 1. The change on WBC on rats induced by exposur of $SO_2$ were made significant differences in sample group compared with control group. 2. The content of Glycoprotein In trachea were made significant differences in sample group compared with control group. 3. The edema, congestion, inflammatory infiltrates of treachea were made significant differences in sample group compared with control group.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.13-23
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• 2003

A local wind model and a three dimensional local environmental model including advection, diffusion, deposition. and photochemical reactions were performed at Gwangyang Bay, Korea, to predict air flow and air pollutants concentrations. A large grid was used, and nesting method was employed for small grid calculation. From the meterological module simulation, we were able to reproduce local wind characteristics such as sea/land winds and mountain/valley winds simulation at Gwangyang Bay. In addition, the concentration module showed high concentration regions at Yosu industrial complex, Gwangyang steel company. and Container anchor. It was also seen that air pollutants were dispersed by sea/land winds. A comparison between the measurement and the prediction of sulfur dioxide and nitric oxide, which are relatively low-reacted pollutants, was performed. However, the measured nitrogen dioxide and ozone concentrations were higher than the simulated ones. Particularly, ozone concentration between 8 a..m. and 8 p.m. agreed well, but the measured ozone during the rest of time were generally higher.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.358-366
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• 2011

The purpose of this study was to analyze the monthly and seasonal PM10 data using the Autoregressive Error (ARE) model at the southern part of the Gyeonggi-Do, Pyeongtaek monitoring site in Korea. In the ARE model, six meteorological variables and four pollution variables are used as the explanatory variables. The six meteorological variables are daily maximum temperature, wind speed, amount of cloud, relative humidity, rainfall, and global radiation. The four air pollution variables are sulfur dioxide ($SO_2$), nitrogen dioxide ($NO_2$), carbon monoxide (CO), and ozone ($O_3$). The result shows that monthly ARE models explained about 17~49% of the PM10 concentration. However, the ARE model could be improved if we add the more explanatory variables in the model.