• Journal of Construction Engineering and Project Management
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.1-7
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• 2014

The Sudanese construction sector is characterized by many small and large projects and high labor intensity, and accounted for 3.2% of the Sudanese country's GDP. The basic problems facing the Sudanese construction projects are the factors that affect on construction project performance. The objectives include identifying the factors affecting the performance of Sudanese construction projects, and to determine the critical factors. The literature review has been done to gather the information about the causes and their factors that affect on the performance of construction projects from the previous researches. The research methodology was conducted to gather the data by questionnaire which was examined to be reliable and valid according to statistical tests. The (34) factors were identified as factors affect on construction projects and the (10) factors were the critical factors which may lead to poor performance of Sudanese construction projects. This study has some conclusions such as the instrument for measuring the critical factors on the performance is reliable and valid, so the project management stage performance is 64.2%.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.14 no.11
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• pp.6415-6418
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• 2013

Background: The aim of this study was to assess EGFR and p53 expression in head and neck tumors among Sudanese patients using immunohistochemistry. Materials and Methods: A retrospective descriptive study was performed on 150 samples from patients diagnosed with HNCs as well as 50 from individuals with benign head and neck tumors. EGFR and p53 expression was assessed using immunohistochemistry (IHC). Results: EGFR was expressed in 126/150 (84%) of HNCS and 6/50 (12%) benign head and neck tumors where as p53 was expressed in 29/150 (19.3%) of HNCs and 2/50 (4%) of benign head and neck tumors, with significance at p values of 0.001 and 0.009 respectively. Conclusions: There is a significant association between EGFR, P53 expression and head and neck cancers among Sudanese patients.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.2105-2110
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• 2016

Purpose: A multicenter, observational, cross-sectional study was conducted to assess factors delaying presentation of breast cancer cases. Materials and Methods: Data were collected from a pair of highly specialized referral centers, both located in the center of the Sudanese capital, Khartoum. For a total of 153 eligible respondents, durations of delay, clinicodemographic factors and reasons of referral were collected from our respondents through self-administered questionnaires. Logistic regression analysis and ANOVA were used to test the relation between periods of delay and different factors. Odd ratios (OR's) and their correspondent Confidence intervals (95% CI's). Delay periods were studied with Andersen's model. Results: The average duration of delay in our study was 11.9 (${\pm}11.2$) months. Only a quarter of our patients presented early within the first 3 months after onset of their symptoms. About 47.7% arrived later during the course of the first year, while it took beyond that for the last 27% to come. A prior diagnosis of BC was the only predictor of early presentation (for 3-12 months OR=9.6 (p<0.00), 95% CI 9.55-9.75; for >12 months OR=9.3 (p<0.00), 95% CI 9.33-9.33). Out of the 12 different reasons for delay given by our respondents, none showed a significant difference between patients presenting early or late. Financial incapacity (17.5%), ignorance about BC (14.3), and misinterpreting symptoms (12.7%) were the top three whys of delay. Conclusions: Our findings support existence of a non-uniform pattern of delay among Sudanese BC patients. Changing currently adopted awareness elevating strategies into much more inclusive approaches is strongly recommended.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.14 no.7
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• pp.4359-4363
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• 2013

Background: Pediatric lymphadenopathy is a challenging medical situation for the child patient, the parents, and the physician. Although the bulk of masses will be benign the fear of malignancy is omnipresent. Therefore, the objective of this study was to identify the common cytopathological patterns of lymphadenopathy among Sudanese children. Methods: One hundred pediatric patients presenting with peripheral lymphadenopathy were included in the study, their ages ranging from 2 to 14 years, with a mean age of 7 years. Demographic characteristics, clinical manifestations and FNA materials were prospectively obtained. Results: FNA was performed in 100 cases (100%). There were no technical complications. All cases confirmed adequacy of specimen. Overall, FNA demonstrated 90 (90%) benign lesions and 10 (10%) malignant diagnosis. The benign lesions were reactive lymphoid hyperplasia (n=64), followed by benign granulomatous disease (n=26). Of the 10 cases diagnosed with malignancy, 7 (7%) were cases of non-Hodgkin`s lymphoma and the remaining 3 (3%) were Hodgkin's lymphomas. Conclusion: Pediatric lymphadenopathy is common in Sudan. CLA is the common frequent site. Lymphoma represents a major challenge in this setting.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.351-355
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• 2023

Background: Wet cupping (WC) is an efficient and cost-effective technique for removing metabolic waste from the bloodstream via the skin. The study aimed to examine the effect of WC on cholesterol levels including total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) in a Sudanese population. Methods: In this prospective cross-sectional study, 30 participants undergoing regular WC therapy were enrolled. Blood samples collected twice: pre-WC therapy (case group) and 10-14 days afterward (controls). Results: Of the participants, 56.67% were male and 43.33% were female, aged 24-69. Pre-WC TC and LDL-C levels were significantly higher than the post-WC control group (p = 0.001). Conversely, HDL-C levels decreased significantly in the pre-WC cases compared to controls (p = 0.001). No significant sex-based difference in mean cholesterol levels (p > 0.05). Conclusions: After WC, males and females experienced significant reductions in TC and LDL-C, and significant increase in HDL-C.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.625-630
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• 2016

Background: Despite the established role of the Pap smear test (PST) in prevention and early detection of cervical cancer, it is still rarely practiced in Sudan. Many challenges hinder the establishment of an effective cervical cancer screening program, including socio-cultural factors. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) of Sudanese women with regard to the Pap smear test and cervical cancer. Materials and Methods: A total of 500 married women aged 14 to 58 years were recruited from obstetric clinics, hospitals and universities in Khartoum in 2014. Data were collected using a standardized, pretested questionnaire that inquired socio-demographic characteristics and their KAP about cervical cancer and the PST. Results: More than 52% of participating women were above 30 years of age, and the majority (78.8%) were university degree holders. A total of 486 (97.2 %) of participants were resident in urban areas of Khartoum State. However about 48% of the respondents had never heard about PST, and only 15.8% of the participants had undergone a Pap smear test previously; 46.6% (233/500) knew that the human papilloma virus (HPV) was the causative agent, but only 39.2% (196/500) had heard about HPV vaccination, and only 11.4% (57/500) had received the vaccine. However 68% of the respondents agreed to do Pap smear if properly informed about the test and 75.4% of the respondents agreed to participate in a cervical cancer screening program. Conclusions: Despite a high educational level, less than half of our participants had accurate knowledge about cervical cancer, HPV, and cervical cancer screening. Health education about cervical cancer, HPV and sexually transmitted infections and the role of PST in cervical cancer prevention are crucial when designing interventions aimed at improving cervical cancer screening for Sudanese women.

• International Journal of Computer Science & Network Security
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• v.21 no.12spc
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• pp.597-603
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• 2021

The current Sudanese preschool system depends on limited methods of education, children's education needs to be equipped to keep pace with technological development, also, the large gap that exists between the families and the Kindergartens, where many parents have no idea on how their child progresses in the KG context. The aim of this research is to integrate ICT in the preschool education to enhance and improve the preschool education, by building an Integrated Educational Application (Computerized Application for Preschool Education CAPE) which will help to improve the learning outcomes. The researchers used the Experimental Research Methodology, the characteristic of CAPE application is; suitable for children's age, the application style is more attractive to the children and contains a different way to help children get learning. Alawaeel and the Smart Child Kindergartens in Republic of Sudan were selected as a sample of the study, with sample size specifically, 50 children's. Also, the Central Bank of Sudan Kindergarten was selected as one of the institutional Kindergartens for easy communication with parents of children with a sample size 21 children. The study found that; using CAPE application in KG enables children to increase general learning effects and developing child's cognitive skills. Also, the children who were allowed to use CAPE by their parents are performed better in the overall evaluation of KG lessons. Also, using the CAPE in the Pre-School education helps the parents following their children's progress better and more reliable. The researcher recommends that to apply the computerized application and includes the second level. Also, converting the computerized program into an application to be used by children by their self, without the intervention of parents.

• Proceedings of the Korean Nutrition Society Conference
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• 2001.05a
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• pp.200.2-200
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• 2001

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.553-555
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• 2016

Background: Liver cytology is indicated and requested for evaluating hepatic masses in symptomatic or serendipitous cryptic discovered lesions. Objective: To determine the cytomorphological patterns of hepatic lesions identified among a group of Sudanese patients. Materials and Methods: This is an analytical descriptive hospital-based study included 165 patients undergoing ultrasound-guided fine needle is an aspiration cytology (FNAC)for hepatic lesions, at Al-Amal Military Hospital & Khartoum Teaching Hospital in Khartoum, Sudan. Clinical data were reviewed. Air dried Diff Quick stained smears were grouped into unsatisfactory samples, benign lesions, and malignant neoplasms. Results: Our population were consisted of 35 (21.2%) females and 130 (78.8%) males, with a male to female ratio 3.7:1 and an age ranged between 47 to 80, and a mean age $57{\pm}7$. Of 165 cases, 57 (34.5%) were benign, no atypia were noticed, 101 (61.2%) were malignant. Most investigated patients were found to have metastatic lesions. Conclusion: FNAC is a useful tool for investigating hepatic lesions.

• International Area Studies Review
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.155-179
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• 2013

Becoming independent in 1956, Sudan has since experienced a number of coups $d^{\prime}{\acute{e}}tat$, religious conflicts between the Islamic north and the Christian south, conflicts between the north-south population composition and races, two civil wars for nearly 40 years due to a clash of interests over resources and others, and the Darfur crisis in which hundreds of thousands died. In 1983, as the Sudanese government forced Islamic laws on the southern region where many Christians lived, the civil war resumed and suffered heavy casualties. Although a brief period of tranquility is maintained at the present moment as South Sudan seceded, military conflicts continue to arise. The objective of this research is to understand the North-South Sudan conflict by examining its history and course. For this purpose, chapter 2 will make a theoretical and reality approach for conflict items and solutions. Chapter 3 will discuss the historical background and reasons for the Sudanese conflict by considering Sudan before 19th century, the Egyptian conquest of Sudan and the diverging North and South, Sudanese independence and other divisions yet again, and finally the North-South conflicts over religion and resources. In Chapter 4, there will be an analysis of the course of the Sudan Civil War by separating it into the First and Second Civil War. In Chapter 5, the consequences and future prospect will be presented in lieu of the conclusion.