• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.51-60
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• 2015

Purpose - Among potential marketing strategies, the most efficient method to encourage purchase intention is through sales promotions. Sales promotions also serve to enhance customer satisfaction, which is closely related to the incidence of repurchases. Therefore, the success of retail stores greatly depends on the effectiveness of their promotional activities. The present study aimed to obtain the necessary information for apparel stores to establish more effective promotional activities. To this end, the study's specific research questions were to examine 1) consumer satisfaction with the recent sales promotions of retail apparel stores, 2) the levels of consumer preferences for different types of sales promotions (cash discounts, promotional gifts, prize drawings, discount coupons, stamp cards, or mileage cards), and 3) the differences in purchase intention according to preference levels for different types of sales promotions. Research design, data, and methodology - The research employed a descriptive survey method using a self-administered questionnaire. The sample consisted of 700 men (n=234) and women (n=466) ranging in age from their 20s to their 50s and residing in the Seoul area. Data were analyzed through methods including factor analysis as well as Cronbach's α coefficients, the t-test, ANOVA, and the Duncan test. Results - Differences among consumer preferences were identified for each type of sales promotion according to the purchase amount and the customer's age. In relation to purchase amounts below 500,000 won, participants in their 50s have lower preferences for price discounts than those in their 20s or 30s, whereas participants in their 40s or 50s have lower preferences for stamp cards and mileage cards than those in their 20s. When the purchase amount is greater than 500,000 won, housewives have higher preferences for promotional gifts than respondents with other occupations. However, no gender differences were found with regard to preference levels for the different types of sales promotions. Respondents generally exhibited mediocre satisfaction with the sales promotion events of retail apparel stores. They also expressed negative opinions about sales promotions when such promotions lead to high prices, as well as dissatisfaction with the poor quality of promotional gifts. It was also found that, regardless of the purchase amount, the groups with higher preferences for discount coupons and mileage cards displayed higher purchase intentions. Only when the purchase amount is greater than 200,000 won did the group with higher preferences for lottery system promotional gifts express higher purchase intentions. On the other hand, for all purchase amount sizes, there were no differences in purchase intentions according to preferences for cash discounts, promotional gifts, or stamp cards. Conclusions - The results revealed that greater effort must be devoted to enhancing consumers' satisfaction levels with the promotional activities performed by apparel retail stores. The results also showed that it is necessary to differentiate among sales promotion strategies according to preference levels for different types of sales promotions, purchase amounts, and target consumer ages.

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.65-76
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• 2017

The purpose of this study is to promote the activation of creative problem - solving education in Korea through the case of countries leading education for creative problem solving in order to overcome the limitation of creative problem solving education in Korea. Based on 5 success factors by our cases of United States, Singapore, and Dublin City University in Ireland, we focused on the cases and extracted five key characteristics of creative problem solving education. The university should be able to provide various information gathering and theoretical knowledge for problem definition as well as continuing guidance and mentoring, rather than one-time teaching, in the form of teaching-student cooperative learning paradigm. Second, the class should be a team - based learning team which is a key factor in overseas universities' policy, so as to be able to identify differentiated, new ideas and creative problem solving methods based on knowledge and experience sharing. The creative problem solving method derived from education could be able to collect, organize, and apply to the field continuously and comprehensively about the learning process of the individual. Evaluation of curriculum should be based on characteristics of school and characteristics of students. The results of creative problem-solving education should be evaluated in order to continuously develop and create value in addition to the outcomes of the class. Therefore, it is necessary to develop an evaluation process for each university. The university should try to make creative problem solving education create value through specialization of university. Based on this, we propose a creative problem solving education framework.

• The KIPS Transactions:PartD
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• v.13D no.4 s.107
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• pp.603-612
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• 2006

Recently the web service area is rapidly growing as the next generation IT paradigm because of increase of concern about SOA(Services-Oriented Architecture) and growth of B2B market. Since a service discovery through UDDI(Universal Description, Discovery and Integration) is limited to a functional requirement, it is not considered an effect on frequency of service using and reliability of mutual relation. That is, a quality as nonfunctional aspect of web service is regarded as important factor for a success between consumer and provider. Therefore, the web service selection method with considering the quality is necessary. This paper suggests the agent-based quality broker architecture and selection process which helps to find a service providing the optimum quality that the consumer needs in a position of service consumer. A theory of agent is accepted widely and suitable for proposed system architecture in the circumstance of distributed and heterogeneous environment like web service. In this paper, we considered the QoS and CoS in the evaluation process to solve the problem of existing researches related to the web service selection and used PROMETHEE(Preference Ranking Organization MeTHod for Enrichment Evaluations) as an evaluation method which is most suitable for the web service selection among MCDM approaches. PROMETHEE has advantages that solve the problem that a pair-wise comparison should be performed again when comparative services are added or deleted. This paper suggested a case study with the service composition scenario in order to verify the selection process. In this case study, the decision making problem was described on the basis of evaluated values for qualities from a consumer's point of view and the defined service level.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.33-54
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• 1995

The degree of conversion of composite resin was known to have influence on the mechanical properties of composite materials such as hardness, strength, wear resisitance, dimensional and color stability. Also unreacted monomer was reported to be harmful to the pulp. So the degree of conversion was a very important factor in the success of composite resin restorations. In recent, the dual cure resin cement was developed with the advocations that it could increase the curing rates in the sites where the curing ligt could not reach. Moreover many manufactors added some adhesive components in the resin cement. This study was undertaken to observe the effects of curing depth and light curing times on the degree of conversion of dual cure resin cements. CR INLAY CEMENT, DUAL CEMENT and OPTEC BOND, by the Fourier transform Infrared analysis, changing the curing depth 1mm, 2mm and 3mm, and varying the light curing time 20 seconds, 40 seconds and 80 seconds at each depth. The cytotoxicity of dual cure resin cements was tested by the in vitro MTT method using L929 cell. The results was evaluated and compared statistically. The results were obtained as follows : 1. The dual cure resin cements reavealed various degree of conversion, CR INLAY CEMENT and DUAL CEMENT had a tendency to be more reactive to the light cure and OPTEC BOND was a more chemical one. 2. CR INLAY CEMENT and DUAL CEMENT showed the lowest degree of conversion in 2 mm depth, and in 3mm depth the degree of conversion increased, which were due to the chemical cure of dual cures, but OPTEC BOND showed decreasing degree of conversion with increasing curing dept h and all experimental groups showed lower degree of conversion than CHEMICAL group which cured in dark room with no light, so the weak light-curing of dual cure resin cement prevented the chemical cure. (P<0.05) 3. CR INLAY CEMENT and DUAL CEMENT showed increasing degree of conversion in 1 mm and 3 mm, according to the increasing cure times, but in 2 mm depth the degree of conversion decreased with increasing light-curing times and OPTEC BOND showed contrary tendency, but there was no ststistical importance in the differences among the experimental group.(P>0.05) 4. The optical density by MTT assay of extractions of CR INLAY CEMENT, DUAL CEMENT and OPTEC BOND revealed no statitically important differences comparing with optical density of negative control.(P>0.05) 5. CR INLAY CEMENT showed a tendency of increaing cytotoxicity with days and DUAL CEMENT and OPTEC BOND showed higher cytotoxicity in 2 days than in 4 days, but there was no statistical importance in the differences.(P>0.05).

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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• v.32 no.10C
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• pp.1032-1041
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• 2007

The global navigation satellite system (GNSS), which is the core technique for the location based service, adopts the direct sequence/spread spectrum (DS/SS) as its modulation method. The success of a DS/SS system depends on the synchronization between the received and locally generated pseudo noise (PN) signals. As a step in the synchronization process, the tacking scheme performs fine adjustment to bring the phase difference between the two PN signals to zero. The most widely used tracking scheme is the delay locked loop with early minus late discriminator (EL-DLL). In the ideal case, the EL-DLL is the best estimator among various DLL. However, in the band-limited multipath environment, the EL-DLL has tracking bias. In this paper, the timing offset range of correlation function is divided into advanced offset range (AOR) and delayed offset range (DOR) centering around the correct synchronization time point. The tracking bias results from the following two reasons: symmetry distortion between correlation values in AOR and DOR, and mismatch between the time point corresponding to the maximum correlation value and the synchronization time point. The former and latter are named as the type I and type II tracking bias, respectively. In this paper, when the receiver has finite bandwidth in the presence of multipath signals, it is shown that the type II tracking bias becomes a more dominant error factor than the type I tracking bias, and the correlation values in AOR are not almost changed. Exploiting these characteristics, we propose a novel tracking bias mitigation scheme and demonstrate that the tracking accuracy of the proposed scheme is higher than that of the conventional scheme, both in the presence and absence of noise.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.18 no.12
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• pp.400-413
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• 2017

It is necessary for inmates released from prison to recover their career capital in order to function normally in society. Failure to adapt to the society may not only make them unhappy but could also aggravate social safety nets. Therefore, it is critical to examine the recovery of career capital. For this study, we conducted in-depth interviews of 10 rehabilitation recipients who were supported by Korea Rehabilitation Agency. For qualitative analysis, several career topics were analyzed, such as obstacles in recovering career capital, efforts in overcoming these obstacles, what is helpful for them to overcome the obstacles and what is required for them to adapt to the career life and others. Analysis results found that the rehabilitation beneficiaries suffered loses to their career capital due to their incarceration, suffered from the loss of pride and became despondent in the process of recovery of career capital due to the negative social perception toward their social self, fear of social stigma and devaluation of themselves. In addition, the fear of possible negative evaluation was a critical factor in making their social activities more challenging. Conversely, it was found that social support in the recovery process of career capital has a positive effect. In particular, emotional support from spouses, employers, family members and friends are the most positive factors. Concerning efforts at adapting to careers, it was found that an active, leading and positive attitude toward the career were critical, showing that positive evaluation and recognition in family and social relations and the experience of success in the career were positive elements in enhancing a sense of pride. In summary, it was found that in the recovery process of career capital, dysfunctional beliefs had a negative effect, while social support had a positive effect, on the recovery of career capital.

• Journal of Trauma and Injury
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.247-253
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• 2012

Purpose: Hemorrhage is a main cause of death in trauma patients. The goal of this study is to describe the characteristics of trauma patients with massive bleeding and to evaluate the prognostic factors concerning their survival. Methods: This study was performed retrospectively and included trauma patients with massive bleeding who had been treated from March 2007 to August 2012. The inclusion criterion was patients who received more than 10 U of packed red blood cells within the first 24 hours after visiting the emergency department. Based on their medical records, we collected data in terms of demographic findings, mechanisms of injury, initial clinical and laboratory findings, methods for hemostasis (emergency surgery and/or angioembolization), transfusion, injury severity score (ISS), revised trauma score (RTS) and trauma and injury severity score (TRISS). We used the Mann-Whitney U test and Fisher's exact test to compare the variables between the patients that survived and those that did not. We performed a logistic regression analysis with the significant variables from the univariate test. Results: Thirty-two(32) patients were enrolled. The main mechanisms of injury were falls and motor vehicle accidents. The mean transfusion amount of packed red blood cells (PRBC) was 17.4 U. The mean elapsed time for the first hemostasis (surgery or embolization) was 3.5 hours. The initial technical success rates were 83.3%(15/18) in angioembolization and 66.7%(8/12) in surgery. The overall mortality rate was 34.4%(11/32). The causes of death were bleeding, brain swelling and multiple organ failure. The ISS(25.5 vs 46.3, p=0.000), TRISS(73.6 vs 45.1, p=0.034) and base excess(<-12 mmol/L, p=0.020) were significantly different between the patients who survived and those who did not. Conclusion: The ISS was a prognostic factor for trauma patients with massive bleeding.

• Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging
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• v.41 no.5
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• pp.343-349
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• 2007

Radioiodide transport has been extensively and successfully used in the evaluation and management of thyroid disease. The molecular characterization of the sodium/iodide symporter (NIS) and cloning of the NIS gene has led to the recent expansion of the use of radioiodide to cancers of the breast and other nonthyroidal tissues exogenously transduced with the NIS gene. More recently, discoveries regarding the functional analysis and regulatory processes of the NIS molecule are opening up exciting opportunities for new research and applications for NIS and radio iodide. The success of NIS based cancer therapy is dependent on achievement of maximal radioiodide transport sufficient to allow delivery of effective radiation doses. This in turn relies on high transcription rates of the NIS gene. However, newer discoveries indicate that nontranscriptional processes that regulate NIS trafficking to cell membrane are also critical determinants of radioiodide uptake. In this review, molecular mechanisms that underlie regulation of NIS transcription and stimuli that augment membrane trafficking and functional activation of NIS molecules will be discussed. A better understanding of how the expression and cell surface targeting of NIS proteins is controlled will hopefully aid in optimizing NIS gene based cancer treatment as well as NIS based reporter-gene imaging strategies.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.135-142
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• 2011

Purpose: Deficiencies of the abdominal wall can be the a result of infection, surgery, trauma, or primary herniation. For abdominal wall reconstruction, synthetic materials have been shown to provide a better long-term success rate than primary fascial repair. But, synthetic materials cannot elicit angiogenesis or produce growth factor and are therefore plagued by an inability to clear infection. As a result of the inherent drawbacks of synthetic, significant effort has been spent on the identification of new bioprosthetic materials. The aim of our study is to evaluate the effectiveness of a synthetic material (PROCEED$^{(R)}$) and an ADM ($SureDerm^{TM}$) to repair abdominal wall defects in a rabbit models. Methods: We measured the tensile strength of the $SureDerm^{TM}$ and PROCEED$^{(R)}$ by a Tension meter (Instron 4482). 16 Rabbit models were assigned to this study for abdominal wall reconstruction. Abdominal defect of 8 rabbits were reconstructed by PROCEED$^{(R)}$ and the rest were reconstructed by $SureDerm^{TM}$. We assessed gross and histologic examinations for the reconstructed abdominal wall. Results: The tensile strength of $SureDerm^{TM}$ and Gore Tex$^{(R)}$ is $14.64{\pm}0.51Mpa$, $8.54{\pm}0.45Mpa$. PROCEED$^{(R)}$ was estimated above the limits of measurement. Inflammatory reaction of PROCEED$^{(R)}$ persisted for 32weeks, but $SureDerm^{TM}$ decreased after 16weeks. Vascular ingrowth into the $SureDerm^{TM}$ was seen after 32 weeks. The basement membrane of $SureDerm^{TM}$ changed into a form of pseudoperitoneum. In PROCEED$^{(R)}$, it seemed like pseudoepithelial lining was made from the fibrosis around the mesh. Conclusion: In our study, the $SureDerm^{TM}$ not only have less inflammatory reaction and presented more angiogenesis than the PROCEED$^{(R)}$, but also have pseudoperitoneum formation. It is expected that $SureDerm^{TM}$ is useful for abdominal wall reconstruction. However, a long-term study of its usage consequences are thought to be needed.

• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.141-160
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• 2012

This paper evaluates the governance of the Andong International Mask Dance Festival. The evaluation focuses on mutual cross-assessment of agents engaging in governance relating to four elements: social justification, reliability, professionalism and transparency. Governance based on co-operative partnership was the essential factor leading to the mask festival's success. Governance of the Andong International Mask Dance Festival in 2011 was privately initiated governance having horizontal and open partnership among festival specialists, civil society organizations, regional business organizations, volunteers and local government, with the Andong Festival Tourism Foundation as the central figure. Three of governance elements were successfully carried through; the exception was transparency. The agents who gave more positive evaluations were those who played leading roles in planning and conducting events, as well as in assessing those events. The reasons for positively assessing the elements are the significance of the festival and the guarantee of agents' participation in social justification; the ability of agents, as well as cognitional and institutional trust in reliability; expert knowledge, capacity to suggest alternatives and duality of business in professionalism; and effective communication, the guarantee of opening of information and information sharing in transparency. To improve the effectiveness of governance, the system for allowing passive agents to contribute usefully should be strengthened. Mutual communication and sharing of information among agents, as well as between agents and residents, also should be more strongly reinforced.