• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.30 no.5
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• pp.107-115
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• 2002

This study was carried out to compare artificial soil formulated by blending calcined clay and coconut peat with perlite, then to evaluate this soil as a perlite substitute for use as an artificial planting medium. To achieve this, a determination of the physico-chemical properties and it's effect on plant growth were conducted by comparing those with large perlite grains and small grains. The results are summarized as follows: 1) The bulk density was 0.41g/㎤. This density was lower than that of field soil, but higher than that of large perlite grain(0.23g/㎤) and small grain(0.25g/㎤). The porosity, field capacity, and saturated hydraulic conductivity were 71.3%, 49.2%, and 3.8$\times$10-2cm/s, respectively. The air-permeability, water holding capacity, and drainage were better than or equal to that both large and small perlite grain. 2) It was near-neutral in reaction(pH=6.6). It had a high organic carbon content(65.8g/kg) and a low available phosphoric acid content(84.7mg/kg). It was similar to crop soil in cation exchange capacity(11.4cmol/kg). It had a low exchangeable calcium content(0.71cmol/kg), a low exchangeable magnesium content(0.68cmol/kg), a high exchangeable potassium content(2.54cmol/kg), and a high exchangeable sodium content(1.12cmol/kg). Except for the exchangeable potassium and sodium content, the chemical properties were better than or equal to both large and small grain perlite. The excessive exchangeable potassium or sodium content will inhibit plant growth. 3) In Experiment 1, the plant growth tended to be higher compared to that of large and small perlite gains. But in Experiment 2, it tended to be lower. This might be linked to the excessive exchangeable potassium or sodium content. 4) It could be considered as a renewable perlite substitute for greening of artificial soil. But, it would be necessary to leach the excessive exchangeable potassium or sodium to avoid the risk of inhibiting plant growth.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.49-58
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• 2008

Objective: The Purpose of the study was to investigate the bone morphogenic protein expression of rhBMP-2(recombinant human bone morphogenic protein-2) as singnaling molecule and ${\beta}-TCP$(Tricalcium phosphate) as a bone substitute and carrier medium of rhBMP-2. Materials and Methods: 16 rabbits divided into 2 group of each 8 rabbit. Two standardized bone defect, round bilateral defect was made in the cranium of the 8 rabbit of first group, and was grafted with $150{\sim}500{\mu}m$ diameter ${\beta}-TCP$ 0.25g in one side, which was soaked with rhBMP-2, and autogenous bone was grafted on another side as a positive control. Second group of 8 rabbit, only ${\beta}-TCP$ was grafted with same size and same manner. After 2, 4, 8, and 12 weeks, specimen was taken for microscopic immunohiostochemical and histomorphometric analysis. Result: Grafting ${\beta}-TCP$ with rhBMP show the early formation of the bone regenerative factor (BMP-4) and more quantity of new bone formation than only use of ${\beta}-TCP$ (8,12 week), even show less new bone formation than autogenous bone. Conclusion : The experimental study result that ${\beta}-TCP$ graft combination with rhBMP-2 as a delivery system is an effective with osteoinductive capacity and biodegradable properties, so that provide clinical availibility of composite use in reconstruction of bony defect.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.145-149
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• 2017

This study was conducted to investigate the optimum additive ratio of barley flour when used instead of cotton seed meal for the cultivation of oyster mushrooms. Mycelial growth was the fastest to 11.4 cm in medium containing 5% barley flour and to 9.0 cm in medium containing 30% barley flour. The mycelial density was slightly lower at 5% and 10% of barley powder addition, but there was no significant difference between the other treatments. The yield of the fruiting bodies was 158 g/850 mL, which was highest on treatment with 10% barley flour as a substitute for cotton seed meal. However, this was lower on treatments with only barley flour than in the control (156 g/850 mL). The diameter of the pileus and the hardness of stipes were highest with 10% barley flour and 10% in cotton seed meal, respectively. The L value was highest with 10% added barley flour, but the a-value and the b-value were not significantly different between treatments. The pH of the mixed media before inoculation with Pleurotus ostreatus was 4.7-5.0, and the total nitrogen content was 1.7-2.2, which was slightly lower than that of the control. The total carbon content was 44.6-45.0, which was not significantly different from that of the control. However, the content of trace elements such as Cu and Fe was lower than those of the control.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.365-374
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• 2004

Inhalation toxicity, mutagenicity, and immunotoxicity tests were performed using a smoke generation system to investigate the safety of Herbrette, a tobacco substitute made with the leaves of Perilla frutescens. ICR mice were exposed to nicotine-free Herbrette smoke with concentrations of 0 (control), 4.08 $\pm$ 1.32 mg/$m^3$ (low dose), 7.72 $\pm$ 2.14 mg/$m^3$ (medium dose) and 12.83 $\pm$ 1.69 mg/$m^3$ (high dose) total particulate matters (TPM) for 4 weeks. When compared to the control group, the body weights, organ weights in the exposed groups did not show any significant differences. However, certain change of several serum chemical data and biochemical parameters were observed, however, the changes were within normal physiological ranges. Moreover, no changes in organ weight, and no gross/microscopic changes were observed between the exposed and control groups. Salmonella typhimurium reverse mutation, in vivo chromosomal aberration and micronucleus assays revealed that Herbrette did not induce mutagenicity. Upon evaluation of peripheral cellular immunity of mice through in vitro lymphocyte proliferation assay, no significant difference was observed in mean stimulation index between the exposed and control groups. Taken together, our results strongly suggest that Herbrette may not cause toxicity on mice under current condition.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.184-189
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• 2003

This research was conducted to determine the effect of mixing ratio of aquafarm waste water sludge (AWWS) in the growing medium as a source of fertilizers on growth of plug seedlings of pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) and tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum Mill.). Increased mixing ratio of AWWS resulted in increased fresh and dry weights, leaf area, plant height, and total chlorophyll content, although there were slight differences in growth characteristics at 20 and 40 days after sowing. Concentration of AWWS affected insignificantly the percent dry matter, number of leaves, and length of the longest root. The addition of AWWS increased pH and decreased EC in the medium as compared to that of chemical fertilizer. Compared to the control of a liquid fertilizer, 4 or 8 kg AWWS${\cdot}45L^{-1}$ medium (Sludge 4) gave a similar or slightly better growth. Above results suggested that addition of about 4 kg AWWS${\cdot}45L^{-1}$medium is sufficient for seedling growth and the AWWS can be used as a substitute for the liquid fertilizer in plug seedling production.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.235-243
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• 1998

In this study, we investigated the effects of three kinds of culture medium (Charles and Rosenkrans; CRlaa, Tyrode's; TALP, synthetic oviduct fluid: SOF), insulin transferrin + selenium complex (ITS), macromolecules(polyvinyl alcohol: PVA, fetalb-ovine serum: FBS) and NaCl on the development of early bovine embryos. In experiment 1, there were no differences in embryo development among three kinds of embryo culture medium (CR $l_{aa}$ , TALP, SOF). In experiment 2, BSA, FBS and PVA were added each in TALP as macromolecule sources. The developmental rates of embryos in BSA or FBS added TALP were significantly higher than in PVA added one (p〈0.01), but there was no difference between BSA and FBS added groups. In experiment 3, bovine embryos were cultured in TALP with the following supplements: BSA alone(1, 3 or 8 mg/ml, each) or BSA(1, 3 or 8 mg/ml, each)+ITS (10$\mu\textrm{g}$/m1 insulin, 5 $\mu\textrm{g}$/ml transferrin, 5 ng/ml selenium). In higher concentration of BSA and ITS supplemented groups, the developmental rates over compacted morula were higher than others, but there was a significant effect of ITS only in 1 mg/ml of BSA added group (p〈0.05). In experiment 4, the effect of reduced concentration of NaCl was evaluated. The developmental rate over compacted morula in the medium containing 90 mM of NaCl was higher than in 114 mM group (p〈0.05). In conclusion, BSA could be used as a macromolecule source in bovine embryo culture, and ITS, as a serum substitute, could be used for improving of embryonic development. Also, reduction of NaCl concentration from 114 mM to 90 mM may improve the development of bovine embryos.bryos.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.338-341
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• 2018

This study investigated the possibility of using pine tree sawdust in thinning-out tree as a substitute for poplar and douglas-fir tree sawdust in oyster mushroom cultivation. Mycelial growth was 10.8 cm in medium supplemented with 70% pine sawdust after 18 days of culture and 10.2 cm in control medium. Mycelial density showed high density with no significant difference between treatments. Fresh weight and diameter of fruiting bodies were slightly lower in medium supplemented with pine tree sawdust. The hardness of pine tree sawdust was slightly higher in the medium supplemented with 20% and 30% of pine tree sawdust. The L value showed a tendency to be higher in the pine added medium, but the a and b values d id not show any significant difference between the treatments. The yields of fruiting body were 157 g / 850 ml for the control and 170 g / 850 ml for the 40% added pine tree sawdust.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• v.30 no.sup
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• pp.1.1-1.5
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• 2015

Objectives Despite the great contribution made by chemical substances to the development of modern civilization, their indiscriminate use has caused various kinds of damage to the global environment and human beings. Accordingly, the major developed countries and international society have tried to ensure the safe use of chemicals and a reduction in the use of hazardous chemicals through the establishment of the United Nations Environment Programme and various international agreements. In this reason, we tried to introduce about Green Chemistry progress at the present in worldwide and Korea. Methods We checked and analyzed relative journals, reports using keyword as like Green Chemistry, alternative chemicals, eco-friendly etc. and major country's government homepage search. Results Green Chemistry theory, which argues for the reduction or removal of harmfulness in chemicals throughout their entire life-cycle, has been spreading, and major developed countries, such as the US and Denmark, have developed and operate programs to provide reliable chemical information to help replace hazardous chemicals. Korea has also been conducting studies as like eco-innovation project. Through this project the "Alternative Chemical Search program," has been developed, distributed, and operated since 2011 to provide reliable information to small and medium-sized businesses that have difficulties collecting information to ensure conformity to international regulations. The program provides information that includes the regulations of major countries and Korea, information on 340 alternative chemicals, 70 application cases, and 1:1 consulting. Conclusions The Alternative Chemical Search program is expected to contribute to the establishment of response systems for regulation of Korean small and medium-sized businesses, and it also will be used to provide basic data for Korean hazardous chemical regulation, together with the Act on the Registration and Evaluation, etc. of Chemical Substances and the Chemical Control act, making it possible to establish an infrastructure for Green Chemistry in Korea and to increase national competitiveness.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.153-160
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• 2012

Objective: The aim of this study was to compare vitrification optimization of mouse embryos using electron microscopy (EM) grid, cryotop, and thin plastic strip (TPS) containers by evaluating developmental competence and apoptosis rates. Methods: Mouse embryos were obtained from superovulated mice. Mouse cleavage-stage, expanded, hatching-stage, and hatched-stage embryos were cryopreserved in EM grid, cryotop, and TPS containers by vitrification in 15% ethylene glycol, 15% dimethylsulfoxide, 10 ${\mu}g/mL$ Ficoll, and 0.65 M sucrose, and 20% serum substitute supplement (SSS) with basal medium, respectively. For the three groups in which the embryos were thawed in the EM grid, cryotop, and TPS containers, the thawing solution consisted of 0.25 M sucrose, 0.125 M sucrose, and 20% SSS with basal medium, respectively. Rates of survival, re-expansion, reaching the hatched stage, and apoptosis after thawing were compared among the three groups. Results: Developmental competence after thawing of vitrified expanded and hatching-stage blastocysts using cryotop and TPS methods were significantly higher than survival using the EM grid (p<0.05). Also, apoptosis positive nuclei rates after thawing of vitrified expanded blastocysts using cryotop and TPS were significantly lower than when using the EM grid (p<0.05). Conclusion: The TPS vitrification method has the advantages of achieving a high developmental ability and effective preservation.

• Journal of Korean Society of Water and Wastewater
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.254-269
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• 2004

Polysilicato-iron coagulant (PSI) is receiving attention in Japan as a substitute for aluminum-based coagulants. In the first part of this article, coagulation, sedimentation and filtration experiments were carried out using kaolin clay particles as the turbidizing material and four types of PSI with various molar ratios of polysilicic acid to ferric chloride (Si/Fe ratio). Results demonstrate that use of a PSI with a high Si/Fe ratio can cause a more dramatic decrease in treated water turbidity but a higher suction time ratio (STR) than when PACl is used. However, optimization by increasing the rapid agitation strength GR is found to greatly improve the STR. In addition, the series of filtration experiments verified that optimization of GR is greatly effective in controlling rapid increases in filter head loss, and also formation of a thin aging layer in the upper part of the filter bed by slow-start filtration is effective in improving filtered water turbidity over the entire filtration process. The second part of this article describes two innovative filtration techniques to increase the particle separation efficiency; (1) coagulant-coated filter medium by enhancing the electrical potential of the surface of the filter medium, and (2) coagulant dosing in influent by controlling the electrical potential of particles entering the filter layer. From the results of the various filtration experiments using a pilot plant, these two techniques were found to be very effective to reduce the effluent water turbidity from the start to the end of a filter run. Moreover, in the filtration experiments using these two methods simultaneously, higher removal efficiency of approximately 3-log (99.7%) was realized, resulting that the finished water turbidity was accordingly reduced to 0.004mg/L.