• Advances in Energy Research
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.213-222
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• 2022

Our overdependence on the limited supply of fossil fuel with the burden of emission as a consequence of its utilization has been a major concern. Biodiesel is emerging as a potential diesel substitution for its similar performance, with the additional benefits of emitting lesser emissions. Due to the easy availability of feedstock for Biogas production, Biogas is studied for its use in CI engines. In this study, we considered Linseed Biodiesel and Biogas to run on dual fuel mode in a CI engine. An energy and exergy analysis was conducted to study the rate of fuel energy and exergy transformation to various other processes. Exergy relocation to exhaust gases was observed to be an average of 5% more for dual fuel mode than the diesel mode, whereas exergy relocation to the diesel mode was observed to be more than the dual fuel modes. Also, exergy loss to exhaust gas is observed to be more than the exergy transferred to cooling water or shaft. The exergy efficiency observed for biodiesel-biogas mode is only lesser by 3% compared to diesel-biogas mode, suggesting Biodiesel can be a substitute fuel for diesel.

• Journal of Practical Agriculture & Fisheries Research
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.201-205
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• 2008

For the prevention of Hanwoo calf diarrhea, the floor in a cattle shed was flamed using liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) in an attempt to substitute for the chemical disinfection method. Before flaming, litter on the floor was removed and cleaned. Outbreak rate of diarrhea in calves vaccinated with ScourGuard 3K^® was decreased from 70% to 30% and the effect of the flame disinfection lasted for three to four months.

• Environmental and Resource Economics Review
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.27-46
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• 2023

This paper investigates how interfuel substitution affects carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions with a focus on the use of biodiesel blended fuels. The results show that the Divisia elasticity of diesel demand is the greatest because the transportation sector relies heavily on diesel. Also, while the own-price elasticity of each fuel demand is negative, the results reveal that diesel demand is more inelastic than the demand for gasoline and LPG. Moreover, gasoline is a substitute for diesel and electricity, and diesel is a substitute for LPG and a complement for electricity. Regarding the effects on carbon dioxide emissions, this paper computes the potential CO₂ emissions associated with interfuel substitution using the coefficients of CO₂ emissions. The results show that using biodiesel blended fuels contributes to reducing CO₂ emissions, but it appears that the price-induced interfuel substitution is a main factor affecting CO₂ emissions.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.24 no.5
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• pp.608-614
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• 2017

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of chlorine dioxide fumigation as a substitute for sulfur fumigation which has been used as a method to prevent the quality change of persimmon during storage and distribution process. Dried persimmons were treated with chlorine dioxide gas concentration (0, 15 30, and 45 ppm) and time (0, 15, 30, and 45 min) and microbiological changes, texture properties and color of the treated samples were investigated during storage at room temperature. Total aerobic bacteria, yeast and mold numbers after chlorine dioxide gas fumigation were decreased when compared with the control group. The inhibitory effects of total aerobic bacteria, yeast, and mold were observed during storage. The texture properties and color value of dried persimmons were not affected by chlorine dioxide gas fumigation concentration and time. There was no difference in quality between chlorine dioxide gas fumigation treatment group and control group. These results suggested that chlorine dioxide gas fumigation treatment can be utilized as a processing technique to secure microbiological storage stability of dried persimmons.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea SD
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• v.41 no.12
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• pp.13-19
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• 2004

We have been studied on the high concentration ozonized water production technology which substitute for the SPM wet cleaning solution process as the PR strip process after the photolithography process in the semiconductor and flat panel display manufacturing. In this work, we have developed the surface discharge type ozone generator which has the characteristics of the 12 ［wt%］ ozone concentration at the oxygen gas flow of 0.5［ℓ/min］ oxygen per cell and also developed the high efficiency ozone contactor for the mixing ozone gas with deionized water. As the production test results of the ozonized water, we obtained the ozonized water concentration above 80［ppm］ at the 10［wt%］ ozone gas concentration, and also had a good result of the PR strip rate of 147［nm/min］. at the 70［ppm］ ozonized water.

• Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering
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• v.20 no.10
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• pp.679-688
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• 2008

Air-heating vaporizer usually is used to regasify LNG at satellite areas because of the small demand of natural gas there. The common type of air heating vaporizer which exists in the market is the longitudinally finned type with 8 fins, 55 mm fin length and 2mm fin thickness. To contribute in developing an efficient air-heating vaporizer, experiment on finned type air-heating vaporizer using 8 fins, 50mm(fin length) with 2 mm(fin thickness) which exist in the market and 4 fins, 75 mm(fin length) with 2 mm(fin thickness), which is proposed, were conducted. Then, both types of vaporizers are compared. The experiments were conducted in one hour by varying the ambient condition and the length of the vaporizer. The ambient air was controlled so that it has the same temperature, humidity and air velocity with air condition in every season available and the length was varied 4000 mm, 6000 mm and 8000 mm for each type of vaporizer. Additional experiment with longer duration, i.e. In this experiment, the main aspects in analyzing the characteristics of the air heating vaporizer the inlet-outlet enthalpy difference and the outlet temperature of the working fluid. $LN_2$ is used to substitute LNG because of safety reason. The results show that the characteristics of the finned type 4fin75le vaporizer are comparable to finned type 8fin50le vaporizer.

• Journal of the Korean Crystal Growth and Crystal Technology
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.66-72
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• 2024

In this study, the applicability of CCMs (Carbondioxide conversion capture materials) manufactured by reacting carbon dioxide gas with DG (Desulfurization gypsum) as a cement substitute for secondary concrete products were evaluated and the basic physical properties of CCMs-mixed mortar and concrete specimens were measured to derive the optimal mixing ratio. The main chemical oxides of CCMs were CaO and SO₃, and the main crystalline phases were CaSO₄·2H₂O, Ca(OH)₂, CaCO₃, and CaSO₄. In addition, by the results of particle size analysis and heavy metal measurement, the applicability of CCMs as a cement substitute for secondary concrete products was confirmed. As a result of measuring the strength behavior using mortar and concrete specimens with CCMs, the compressive and flexural strength decreased as the mix ratio of CCMs increased, but requirements by the standards for interlocking blocks and retaining wall blocks, which are target products in this study, were satisfied up to the optimal mixing ratio of 10 wt.% substitution. Therefore, its applicability as a cement substitute for secondary concrete products was confirmed.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.50 no.5
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• pp.860-865
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• 2012

Although biomass syngas is very low calorific gas, it is utilized by means of dual fuel combustion technology in the fields of industrial furnace and boiler as a substitute oil technology. The basic structure of duel fuel combustion burner is designed so that low caloric gas fuel is supplied around an oil burner in the middle. In the present study, three types of mixing burners were manufactured to conduct performance experiment. Low caloric gas was evenly distributed around the oil burner and the method of changing the angle of gas nozzle was applied. CO generation decreased according to the increase of the amount of air for combustion. In addition, the shapes and colors of flame changed according to the proportions of gas and oil used. Remained flame after combustion was from the lack of atomization at the exit of oil burner. Although it was difficult to maintain the optimum air ratio due to different required air ratio for oil and syngas, stable combustion was able to maintained within excess oxygen concentration of 4.7~8.2%. From this study, it was shown that the oil atomization at the exit of fuel oil nozzle was promoted by the increased rate of syngas combustion and the CO concentration in flue gas lower than only fuel oil combustion.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.45-51
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• 2007

A growth trial (Expt. 1) and an in vitro fermentation experiment (Expt. 2) were conducted to determine the response of growth performance, cecal fermentation characteristics and in vitro gas production to incremental levels of substitution of digestible fiber for lignified fiber in the diet of weaned rabbits. Three diets, formulated by substituting soyhulls (SH; used as digestible fiber source) for soybean straw (used as lignified fiber source) at substitution levels of 0, 25 and 50%, were used in a factorial design. In the growth trial (Expt. 1), increasing levels of SH substitution resulted in a quadratic increase in daily body weight gain rate (p<0.04) and feed conversion efficiency (p<0.02), but in a numerical decrease in dietary DM intake (p=0.15). When SH were included in the diet at 25% substitution level, rabbits had the highest rate of liveweight gain and feed conversion efficiency. As SH substitution level increased, pH values and ammonia-N of cecal contents linearly (p<0.001) decreased, but total VFA concentration linearly (p<0.03) increased. With incremental levels of SH substitution, the percentage of acetate and butyrate linearly (p<0.05) reduced, but the percentage of propionate and minor acids linearly (p<0.03) increased. Increasing the SH substitution levels tended to increase incidence of diarrhea. In the in vitro fermentation experiment (Expt. 2), regardless of origin of substrates fermented, increasing SH substitution level resulted in increased maximal gas production (p<0.001) and shortened gas production lag time, but had no effect on gas production rate (p>0.2). These observations suggest that incrementally feeding SH to rabbits could stimulate their cecal microbial activity, allowing cecal fermentation to shift towards favoring fiber digestion. In conclusion, digestible fiber from soyhulls may partially substitute for more lignified fiber, soybean straw, without having an adverse effect on cecal fermentative and microbial activity and growth performance. For growing rabbits, about 73% of total dietary NDF should be supplied by effective NDF, the remainder could come from digestible NDF, such as soyhulls.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.22 no.8
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• pp.1202-1208
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• 2009

Synbiotics is the term used for a mixture of probiotics (live microbial feed additives that beneficially affects the host animal) and prebiotics (non-digestible food ingredients that beneficially affect the organism). This study investigated the effect of probiotics from anaerobic microflora with prebiotics on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, noxious gas emission and fecal microbial population in weaning pigs. 150 pigs with an initial BW of 6.80${\pm}$0.32 kg (20 d of age) were randomly assigned to 5 dietary treatments as follows: i) US, basal diet+0.15% antibiotics (0.05% oxytetracycline 200 and 0.10% tiamulin 38 g), ii) BS, basal diet+0.2% synbiotics (probiotics from bacteria), iii) YS, basal diet+0.2% synbiotics (probiotics from yeast), iv) MS, basal diet+0.2% synbiotics (probiotics from mold), v) CS, basal diet+0.2% synbiotics (from compounds of bacteria, yeast and mold). The probiotics were contained in $10^{9}$ cfu/ml, $10^{5}$ cfu/ml and $10^{3}$ tfu/ml of bacteria, yeast and molds, respectively. The same prebiotics (mannan oligosaccharide, lactose, sodium acetate and ammonium citrate) was used for all the synbiotics. Pigs were housed individually for a 16-day experimental period. Growth performance showed no significant difference between antibiotic treatments and synbiotics-added treatments. The BS treatment showed higher (p<0.05) dry matter (DM) and nitrogen digestibility while ether extract and crude fiber digestibility were not affected by the dietary treatment. Also, the BS treatment decreased (p<0.05) fecal ammonia and amine gas emissions. Hydrogen sulfide concentration was also decreased (p<0.05) in BS, YS and MS treatments compared to other treatments. Moreover, all the synbioticsadded treatments increased fecal acetic acid concentration while the CS treatment had lower propionic acid concentration than the US treatment (p<0.05) gas emissions but decreased in fecal propionate gas emissions. Total fecal bacteria and Escherichia coli populations did not differ significantly among the treatments, while the Shigella counts were decreased (p<0.05) in synbiotics-included treatment. Fecal bacteria population was higher in the YS treatment than other treatments (p<0.05). The BS treatment had higher yeast concentration than YS, MS and CS treatments, while US treatment had higher mold concentrations than MS treatment (p<0.05). Therefore, the results of the present study suggest that synbiotics are as effective as antibiotics on growth performance, nutrient digestibility and fecal microflora composition in weaning pigs. Additionally, synbiotics from anaerobic microflora can decrease fecal noxious gas emission and synbiotics can substitute for antibiotics in weaning pigs.