• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
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• v.49 no.1
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• pp.84-89
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• 2012

Attempts were made to develop a stable gray pigment at reducing atmosphere, substituting Ti in $ZrTiO_4$ with Mn, Fe, Co and Cu The pigment synthesized at $1300~1500^{\circ}C$ by solid state method with the composition of $ZrTi_{1-x-y}A_xB_yO_4$ (x = y = 0.005, 0.015, 0.035, 0.055, 0.075, 0.095, 0.115, 0.135, 0.155, 0.175 and 0.195 mole, A = Mn(III), Fe(III), Co(II, III) and Cu(II) (chromophores), B = Sb (counterion). The pigments were fired at $1400^{\circ}C$ for 3 h with substitute amount changes of Mn, Fe, Co and Cu to $ZrTiO_4$ crystals, and analyzed by Raman spectroscopy to figure out substitute limits. Results indicated 0.035 mole for Mn, 0.115 mole for Fe, 0.015 mole for Co and 0.015 mole for Cu as substitute limits, respectively. Figs. 1, 2, 3, and 4 represent each substitute pigments of Mn, Fe, Co and Cu. Synthesized pigment was applied to a lime and a lime-magnesia glaze at 7 wt% each, and fired at reducing atmosphere of $1240^{\circ}C$, soaking time 1h. Gray color was obtained with CIE-$L^*a^*b^*$ values at 44.55, -0.65, 1.19(Mn), 40.36, -0.90, 0.30(Fe), 42.63, -0.03, -1.49(Cu) and -40.79, -0.28, -0.91(Co), respectively.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.429-442
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• 2000

Based on current evidence in the literature, it is known that endotoxin is a weakly adherent surface phenomenon and that power-driven instruments can be used to accomplish definitive root detoxification and maximal wound healing without overinstrumentation of root and without extensive cementum removal. And one of the newly developed curette tips used with low power of piezoelectric ultrasonic scaler, is effective to remove calculus and not to remove the excessive cementum. The purpose of this study is therefore, to assess the influence of ultrasonic power and various working parameters on root substitute removal when instrumentation is performed with the curette tip on piezoelectric ultrasonic scaler. This study assessed defect depth, width and area resulting from instrumentation using a piezoelectric ultrasonic scaler with a curette type tip in vitro to acrylic resin block as a root substitute. The working parameters was standardized by the sledge device which controls lateral force(0.5 N, 1 N, 2 N) and instrumentation time(5 sec, 10 sec, 20 sec) and power setting was adjusted 0,2,4,8 in P mode. Power setting had the greatest influence on defect depth compared to lateral force and instrumentation time(standardized regression parameter estimates${\pm}$standard error, $0.37{\pm}0.02$, $0.19{\pm}0.02$, $0.07{\pm}0.02$). The effects on defect area also greatest for power setting($0.57{\pm}0.03$) compared to lateral force and instrumentation time($0.33{\pm}0.03$, $0.12{\pm}0.03$). The effect of the power setting on the defect width($0.15{\pm}0.01$) is not so great as defect depth or defect area compared to lateral force($0.12{\pm}0.01$) and effect of instrumentation time is minimal($0.02{\pm}0.01$). It could be concluded that the power setting has the greatest influence on the defect depth and area in curette type tip with low power of piezoelectric ultrasonic device. Many parameters can be adjusted in various situation in clinical use of piezoelectric ultrasonic scaler but the power setting is the first parameter to be adjusted.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.651-657
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• 1999

These experiments focused on processing low sugar fig jam having marketability by selected substitute for extracted and purified pectinesterase (PE), colorant for colour improvement, food additive to make texture better, and stabilizer for stable storage. Cherry tomato pulp as PE substitute to hydrolyze pectin substance in fig pulp into low-methoxyl pectin was most effective among used vegetables and fruits pulp. Carmacid-R among natural colorants for imprving colour, addition of 20% starch syrup as sugar substitute for texture and addition of $MULTIPHOSE^{TM}$ for red colour change control at cold storage were effective. The low sugar fig jam processed by using the above selected materials showed higher score than others (typical jam and orange PE low sugar fig jam) for colour in sensory evaluation and did no significant difference in taste, odor, texture and overall acceptability.

• Health Policy and Management
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.249-262
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• 2011

Since May 1st in 2008, the products of ginkgo biloba extract have had to be used with the patient's out-of-pocket payment due to reimbursement restriction guidelines. This study aims to analyze the policy effects of reimbursement restriction on pharmaceutical expenditures using interrupted time series(ITS) analysis. We retrieved monthly NHI claims data for the period between May, 2005 and December 2009. The ingredients identified as a substitute for ginkgo biloba have similar indications based on the similar pharmacological activities. The effects of changes in reimbursement scope were evaluated both for all relevant pharmaceuticals within the same therapeutic class and for 2 separate groups : ginkgo biloba's and its substitutes. According to the study results, restrictions on reimbursement scope resulted in savings of the drug expenditures in the targeted therapeutic class. Direct restriction on ginkgo biloba was associated with a decrease in expenditure level by 60.1% and changes in trend from an average increase rate of 1.4% to an average decrease rate of 1.5% for the therapeutic class, with a dramatic decrease in expenditure level(-191.5%) for ginkgo biloba itself, but with an increased expenditure level(+50.1%) and changes in trend from an average increase rate of 2.0% to an average decrease rate of 1.0% for the substitute group. Further policy to restrict nicergoline was associated with additional decrease in expenditure level for the therapeutic class. Additionally, we could identify the balloon effect - a new policy squeezing one part results in bulging out elsewhere. After the restriction of ginkgo biloba, the utilization of and expenditures on its substitutes increased significantly. In conclusion, we demonstrated that consecutively introduced policies effectively reduced overall expenditures on the therapeutic class of interest. Some ingredients played as a substitute while others did not. Further studies need to be conducted to identify which factors determine a substitute.

• Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
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• v.18 no.5
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• pp.195-207
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• 2002

The domestic, quantity of copper slag as a by-product at copper smelting process reaches 700,000 tons annually while its application is limited. Therefore, the secure disposal plan of copper slag is urgently required. For this reason, in this study, copper slag was used as a substitute for sand in Sand Compaction Pile that is one of the improvement methods of soft ground because the particle size distribution of copper slag ranges from 0.15mm to 5m(coarse state) and it maintains stable glassy state environmentally. The geotechnical characteristics of copper slag were evaluated through laboratory model tests and the field application of copper slag was compared with generally used sand by pilot tests. From these experimental results, copper slag's material characteristics, bearing capacity, settlement reduction and improvement effects of surrounding ground were found to be superior to generally used sand. The copper slag can be used as a substitute far sand in the Sand Compaction Pile method and as recycling material of industrial by-product with high econonical and environmental value when natural resources are being exhausted.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information Security & Cryptology
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.1383-1392
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• 2019

Adversarial attack, which geneartes adversarial data to make target model misclassify the input data, is able to confuse real life applications of classification models and cause severe damage to the classification system. An Black-box adversarial attack learns a substitute model, which have similar decision boundary to the target model, and then generates adversarial data with the substitute model. Jacobian-based data augmentation is used to synthesize the training data to learn substitutes, but has a drawback that the data synthesized by the augmentation get distorted more and more as the training loop proceeds. We suggest data augmentation with 'decay factor' to alleviate this problem. The result shows that attack success rate of our method is higher(around 8.5%) than the existing method.

• Development and Reproduction
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.19-27
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• 2018

In the present study, we employed Hershberger assay to determine possible androgenic or antiandrogenic activities of three di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) substitute candidates. The assay was carried out using immature castrated Sprague-Dawley male rats. After 7 days of the surgery, testosterone propionate (TP, 0.4 mg/kg/day) and test materials (low dose, 40 mg/kg/day; high dose, 400 mg/kg/day) were administered for 10 consecutive days by subcutaneous (s.c.) injection and oral gavage, respectively. Test materials were DEHP, 2-ethylhexyl oleate (IOO), 2-ethylhexyl stearate (IOS) and triethyl 2-acetylcitrate (ATEC). The rats were necropsied, and then the weights of five androgen-dependent tissues [ventral prostate, seminal vesicle, coagulating glands, levator ani-bulbocavernosus (LABC) muscle, paired Cowper's glands, and glans penis] and four androgen-insensitive tissues (kidney, adrenal glands, spleen and liver) were measured. All test materials including DEHP did not exhibit any androgenic activity in the assay. On the contrary, antiandrogen-like activities were found in all test groups, and the order of the intensity was ATEC < DEHP < ISO < IOO in the five androgen-sensitive tissues. There was no statistical difference between low dose treatment and high dose treatment of all replacement candidate groups. In DEHP groups, high dose treatment exhibited significant weight gains in LABC and Glan Penis. There was no statistical difference in androgen-insensitive tissue measurements. Since the effects of ATEC treatment on the accessory sex organs were much less or not present at all when compared to those of DEHP, ATEC could be a strong candidate to replace DEHP. IOO treatment brought most severe weight reduction in all of androgen-sensitive tissues, so this material should be excluded for further screening of DEHP substitute selection.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.619-629
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• 1988

The increasing number of replacement of the substitute cardiac valves were seen in these 2 years. Out of a total 1,408 patients with cardiac valve replacement, 54 required replacement of the substitute valves. Fifty-nine substitute valves replaced were 43 in mitral, 14 in aortic and 2 in tricuspid positions; and they were 36 Ionescu-Shiley, 15 Hancock and 3 Angell-Shiley bioprosthetic valves and 3 St. Jude Medical and 2 Bjork-Shiley prosthetic valves. Primary tissue failure was the most frequent reason of replacement[38 patients] followed by paravalvular leak[9 patients], prosthetic valve endocarditis[6 patients] and valve thrombosis[1 patient] in order. The most pronounced pathology of the failed xenograft valves seen in the primary tissue failure group was calcification and fixation of the cusps with or without tear and defect of the cuspal tissue. The operative mortality rate was 7.4%. Fifty early survivors were followed up for a total of 82.6 patient-years and there was no late death. Actuarial survival rate was 92.3*3.8% at 6 years after surgery. Although the definite tendency toward early and accelerated degeneration of the xenograft valves has been seen in patients younger than 20 to 25 years of age, no strict age limit from where the tissue failure slows down could be determined. The requirement of the ideal substitute valves would be the durability of the recently developed mechanical prostheses armed with the low thrombogenicity of the bioprostheses. At the present time, the need of compromise in selection between less thrombogenic bioprosthetic and more durable mechanical valves should be stressed. The difficulty in choice is yet important in patients of middle age and children where the use of homograft valves may be one of the solution despite of certain limitations from sociomedical reasons.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Heat Treatment
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.130-138
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• 2022

In this study, the characteristic of an amorphous fishing weight material according to controlling the alloy type and alloy composition of the glass forming agent added in PbO₂ oxide was investigated. According to the experimental, when the glass forming agent of 15wt%SiO₂-1wt%MgO content was added in β-PbO₂, an amorphous fishing weight substitute having the lowest friction coefficient, excellent corrosion resistance and durability was obtained. The cell number of PbO₂-15wt%SiO₂-1wt%MgO sample incubated in cell culture fluid tended to hardly decrease even after a lapse of 24 hours, It means that the fabricated PbO₂-15wt%SiO₂-1wt%MgO sample is significantly less-toxic and harmless to the human body, unlikely to metallic lead. It is considered that an fabricated amorphous fishing weight substitute proved to have a potential as an eco-friendly material with little marine pollution.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.7-16
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• 2022

Since the beginning of the second Sino-Japanese war in 1937, the entire Korean Peninsula has entered a full-fledged wartime system. Japan enacted laws that strongly regulate the distribution of various resources for war, and the same was implemented in Joseon. In particular, as iron, copper, lead, tin, and aluminum were mobilized as raw materials for military supplies such as weapons, private distribution decreased significantly, which had a great impact on the construction industry. As the use of metal such as steel as building materials requires permission from the provincial governor, it has become difficult to supply and demand except for some military facilities. In addition, the Japanese Ministry of Commerce and Industry encouraged research and development and manufacturing to promote the so-called "substitute goods industry" to make up for the shortage of supplies. Products with improved performance through chemical treatment by injecting only a small amount of the same raw material than before or using alternative raw materials have been developed. It was intended to overcome the limitations of lack of raw materials through the chemical industry. In terms of building materials, various substitutes were produced due to the incorporation of petrochemicals and the use of synthetic resins. This trend continued even after the end of the war and served as one of the backgrounds for R&D and production of new materials without returning to the "substitute goods."