• Journal of Plant Biology
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• 제30권1호
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• pp.43-57
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• 1987

The epidermal structure and stomatal types in vegetative and reproductive organs of three species of Bryophyllum(B. crenatum, B. diagremontion, B. tubiflorum) were described. The epidermal cells were polygonal, isodiametric, and rectangular in the leaves and stems, and elongated cells in the stamens, styles, and ovaries. These cells were commonly thick, and arched or sinuous in the leaves, epiphylous bunds, petals and ovaries. They were straight in the stems, petioles, pedicels, and peduncles. In both vegetative and reproductive organs, the subsidiary cell walls were commonly thin and mostly arched in all the organs. The great majority of the mature stomata in all the organs were helicocytic type with a helix of four to six subsidiary cells. The mature stomata varied from organ to organ with regard to the number and arangement of subsidiary cells. The ontogenetic type of stomata in all the organs was mostly helico-eumesogenous type. This type was subdivided into three subtypes such as parahelico-eumesogenous, anomohelico-eumesogenous, and diahelico-eumesogenous stomata on the basis of the division angle fo the guard mother cell. Sometimes, the anisoeumesogenous type was found in various organs. This type was subdivided into three subtypes such as paraniso-eumesogenous, anomoaniso-eumesogenous, and dianisoeummesogenous stomata. The tetra-eumesogenous and duplotetra-eumesogenous types were rarely found; the former in the leaf of B. crenatum and the latter in the leaf of B. diagremontiana. Anomometric patterns in the mesogenous categorry of stomatal types was observed in a few organs of all the materials. A new stomatal type with tetra-eumesogenous stoma within a girdle of three subsidiary cells fo aniso-eumesogenous in the leaf of B. diagremontiana was firstly observed in the vascular plants. This stoma was termed the cotetra-aniso-eumesogenous type. Anormal stomata such as aborted stomata, single guard cells, stoma with a constricted part in the middle of large guard cells, and arrested stomata were found in the various organs of all the materials.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• 제38권2호
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• pp.181-193
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• 1995

Cuticle micromorphology of four families of Korean gymnosperms, Cycadaceae, Ginkgoaceae, Taxaceae, and Cephalotaxaceae, were studied with scanning electron microscopy. The outer and inner features of abaxial and adaxial cuticles were described in details; the absent or present of Florin ring, orifice, trichome, and plug and their shape, the shape and periclinal and anticlinal wall sculpture of epidermal cells, the shape of cuticular flange of epidermal cell, guard cell, and subsidiary cell, the number of stomatal bands and rows, and stomatal apparatus including the shape of polar extension, number of subsidiary cells, the sculpture of guard cell and subsidiary cell. Most of these features have not been sufficiently substantiated by the previous reprots. Furthermore, all the species investigated showed distinctive cuticle morphology with morphological and taxonomical informations.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제25권9호
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• pp.1289-1297
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• 2016

The walls of guard cells have many specialized features. Guard cells are present in the leaves of bryophytes, ferns, and almost all vascular plants. However, they exhibit considerable morphological diversities. There are two types of guard cells: the first type is found in a few monocots, such as palms and corn, and the other is found in most dicots, many monocots, mosses, ferns, and gymnosperms. In corns, guard cells have a characteristic dumbbell shape with bulbous ends. Most dicot and monocot species have kidney-shaped guard cells that have an elliptical contour with a pore at its center. Although subsidiary cells are common in species with kidney-shaped stomata, they are almost always absent in most of the other plants. In this study, there were many different stomatal features that were associated with kidney-shaped guard cells, but not dumbbell shaped guard cells, which are present in most grasses, such as cereals. Each plant investigated exhibited different characteristic features and most of these plants had kidney-shaped guard cells. However, the guard cells of Chamaesyce supina Mold, were often more rectangular than kidney-shaped. In contrast, Sedum sarmentosum guard cells were of the sink ensiform type and in Trifolium repens, the guard cells exhibited a more rhombic shape. Therefore, kidney-shaped guard cells could be divided into a number of subtypes that need to be investigated further.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.241-246
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• 2017

공변세포는 선태류, 양치류 그리고 모든 관다발식물의 잎에서 발견되며, 공변세포벽의 특징은 식물에 따라 매우 다양하고 특수하다. 식물에서 공변세포의 형태적 특징은 단자엽식물과 쌍자엽식물에서 관찰할 수 있는 두 종류로 분류되어 왔다. 일반적으로 단자엽식물은 아령형이고 쌍자엽식물은 콩팥형으로 알고 있다. 그러나 많은 단자엽식물의 공변세포는 콩팥형이다. 벼과에 속하는 옥수수와 벼 그리고 사초과의 공변세포는 아령형이다. 아령형의 공변세포를 보이는 식물은 부세포가 있다. 쌍자엽식물의 공변세포는 대부분 콩팥형이며 부세포가 없는 것이 특징이다. 기공은 공변세포와 부세포로 구성되어 있는 것으로 알고 있으나, 대부분의 쌍자엽식물은 부세포가 없다. 이제까지 단자엽식물은 공변세포 모양이 아령형이며 쌍자엽식물은 콩팥형으로 알고 있으나, 결론적으로 공변세포의 모양은 단자엽식물과 쌍자엽식물에 의해 분류되지 않으며 대부분의 벼과와 사초과를 제외하면 단자엽식물의 공변세포도 콩팥형이다. 돌나물은 공변세포가 가늘고 긴 입술형 그리고 자주달개비의 공변세포는 완벽하게 반달형이다. 따라서 콩팥형의 경우는 식물에 따라 그 모양이 모두 다르다고 할 수 있으며, 아령형의 경우는 그 공변세포의 형태가 비교적 일정하다.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• 제28권2호
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• pp.105-118
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• 1985

한국산 돌나물과(Crassulaceae)에 속하는 7종을 보주 근교에서 채집하여 실험실의 자연조건에서 Hoagland 배양액으로 생장시쳤다. 정상으로 생장한 잎의 표피구조와 기공의 유형 및 그 분포를 조사한 결과, 표피세포는 다색형 또는 신장형이 었으며 이들의 세포벽은 비후되었고 파상형이거나 깊은 파상형이었다. 부세포벽은 얇고 대부분이 아치형이었으며 바위솔(Orostachys japonicus)의 엽표피에서는 종유체가 발견되었다. 기공의 분포는 7종 모두가 양면엽이었다. 바위솔과 돌나물(Sedum sarmentosum)에서는 엽의 전면에 그 분포가 많았으나 둥근바위솔(O. malacophyllus), 기린초(S. kamtschaticum), 큰기린초(S. aizoon var heterodontum), 꿩의비름(S. alboroseum) 및 말똥비름(S. bulbiferum)에서는 이면에 그 분포가 많았고 각 종에 따라 차이가 있었다. 기공의 크기는 큰기린초엽의 전면에서 47.5$\times$27.8 $\mu\textrm{m}$이고 이면에서 46.8$\times$26.0 $\mu\textrm{m}$로서 전면이 더욱 켰으며, 바위솔 엽의 전면에서 23.3$\times$15.0$\mu\textrm{m}$이고 이면에서 24.3$\times$16.0$\mu\textrm{m}$으로 이면이 더욱 컸다. 기공의 주발생 유형은 helico-eumesogenous 형이었고, 이는 공변모세포가 분열각을 기준으로 마지막으로 형성된 부세포의 장축에 대하여 평행으로 분열된 parahelico-eumesogenous형과 직각으로 분열된 diahelico-eumesogenous 형의 두 유형으로 세분될 수 있었다. 이들 유형의 부세포에서 제 2차 기공이 발생되어 복합 helico-eumesogenous 형이 형성되기도하고 helico-eumesogenous 형의 변이형이 발생되기도 하였다. 각종에서 발견되는 다른 발생유형은 7종중 4종에서 aniso-eumesogenous 형이, 3종에서 allelo-eumesogenous 형이 관찰되었고 tetra-eumesogenous형이 3종에서 드물게 발견되었다. 지금까지 보고되지 않은 기공발생유형의 5종류는 첫째 기공모세포의 나선 분열에 의한 8개의 중위형성 부세포가 두 공변세포를 이중으로 둘러싸고 있는 duplotetra-eumesogenous형, 둘째는 3개의 주변형성된 부세포를 가진 aniso-euperigenous형, 넷째는 helico-eumesogenous형으로 분열하는 도중 모세포가 tetra-eumesogenous형으로 분열하여 두 공변세포를 직접 둘러싸고 있는 4개의 부세포를 포함하여 5개 이상의 중위형성 부세포들의 나선을 가진 helico-tetra-eumesognous형이 돌나물에서, 넷째는 helico-eumesogenous 형으로 분열하는 도중 모세포가 allelo-eumesogenous 형으로 분열하여 나선상분열한 4개 이상의 중위형성 부세포들 내에 3개 이상의 중위형성한 C형 부세포가 점차 작은 크기로 대생한 coallelo-helico-eumesogenous형, 다섯째는 allelo-eumesogenous 형으로 분열하는 도중 모세포가 helico-eumesogenous형으로 분열하여 점차 작은 크기로 대생한 3개 이상의 C형 부세포들 내에 4개 이상의 나선상분열한 부세포들의 나선을 갖는 cohelico-allelo-eumesogenous 형이 말똥비름에서 처음으로 발견되었다.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.79-94
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• 1987

This study was carried out to investigate the epidermal structure, the stomatal types, the ontogeny of stomara in various parts of each organ of K. blossfeldiana, K. kewensis, and K. tometosa belonging to Kalanchoe. The epidermal cells were polygonal or isodiametric ones in the leaves, and mostly rectangular, tetragonal, and elongated ones in the leaves, and mostly rectangular, tetragonal, and elongated ones in the other organs. The candelabrum-like, triradiate stellete trichomes in the aerial parts of all organs of K. tomentosa were found. The cuticular striations and square crystals of calcium oxalate in the epidermal cells of petals of K. blossfeldiana were observed. The great majority of the mature stomata in various parts of all the organs were commonly helicocytic types. This type was subdivided into three subtypes such as parahelicocytic, anomohelicocytic, and dianisocytic stomata on the basis of the division angle of the guard mother cells. Somethies, the anisocytic type was found in most organs. This type was subdivided into three subtyes such as paranisocytic, nomoanisocytic, and dianisocytic stomata in the same way as the helicocytic type. A new stomataltype with anisocytic stoma within a girdle of four subsidiary cells of tetracytic type in the leaf of K. kewensis was firstly observed in the vascular plants. This type was termed the coaniso-tetracytic type. The anomomeristic pattern in the mesogenous category of stomatal types was found in various organs of all the material plants. Developmental mode of stomata was constant in all the parts of each organ within the same plant. The stomata was observed to be a few similar stomatal types in various parts of each organ within the same plant. The ontogeny of all the types is eumesogenous or mesogenous type. The ontogenetic type of stomata was mostly helico-eumesogenous type in all the organs of all the material plants. The mature stoma varied from organ to in regard of the number and arrangement of subsidiary cells.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.41-51
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• 1983

This study was carried out to investigate ontogeny of stomata and aerenchyma tissue in Trapa natans L. var. bispinosa Makino, an aquatic plant. Ontogeny of stomata in this plant was an aperigenous type surrounding with 5 to 8 epidermal cells without subsidiary cells. Stomata were distributed abundantly on the upper surface of leaf, however, no stoma was found on the lower surface of leaf, and on the epidermis of reproductive organ, petiole and stem. Ontogency of aerenchyma tissue was progressed with five steps; 1) formation of angular cells by division of cortex cells, 2) development of small and large globular cells in accompany with schizogenous intercellular space, 3) enlargement of globular cells and more expansion of intercellular space, 4) cell induction of long elliptic and triarmed shape, 5) completion of the largest intercellular space from endodermis toepidermis. During the growth period two types of leaf were appeared at each node of stems; one type was a submerged and early-fallen leaf, the other was a floating leaf on water surface.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• 제37권3호
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• pp.371-380
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• 1994

To determine the patterns and the levels of expression of the cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV 35S) promoter and the rice actin 1 (Act1) promoter in rice, transgenic rice plants containing CaMV 35S-$\beta$-glucuronidase (GUS) and Act1-GUS constructs were generated and examined by fluorometric and histochemical analyses. The fluorometric analysis of stably transformed calluses showed that the activity of the rice Act1 promoter was stronger than that of the CaMV 35S promoter in rice cells. In a histochemcial study of the transgenic rices, it was shown that the GUS activity directed by the CaMV 35S promoter was localized mainly in parenchymal cells of vascular tissues of leaves and roots and mesophyll cells of leaves. These results are similar to those of potato, a dicot plant. In contrast, rice plant transformed with Act1-GUS fusion construct revealed strong GUS activity in parenchymal cells of vascular tissue, mesophyll cells, epidermal cells, bulliform cells, guard subsidiary cells of leaves and most cells of the root, suggesting that the rice Act1 promoter is more constitutive than the CaMV 35S promoter. It was also confirmed that in both types of transgenic rice little or no staining was localized in metaxylen tracheary elements of vascular tissue from leaves or roots. These results indicate that the rice Act1 promoter can be utilized more successfully for expression of a variety of foreign gene in rice than the CaMV 35S promoter.

• 대한한의학회지
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.35-44
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• 2003

Objective : This study was performed to evaluate the effects of Palmijihwang-hwan (Baweidehuang-wan) and Obaeja (Galla Rhois) on the regeneration of periodontal tissue. Methods : In this study, we used MC3T3-El cells, such as osteoblast-like cell lines and human periodontal ligament fibroblasts, for experimental material. We separated each type of cells into a control group and an experimental group. In the control group, the cells were cultivated for 48 hours with distilled water and media which contained 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) and penicillin (l00unit/ml)-streptomycin ($l00{\mu\textrm{g}}/ml$) at $37^{\circ}$ in 5% $CO_2$ gas. In the experimental group, the cells were cultivated for 48 hours with Palmijihwang-hwan extract and Obaeja extract (concentrations $1{\mu\textrm{g}}/ml,{\;}25{\mu\textrm{g}}/ml,{\;}50{\mu\textrm{g}}/ml$) under the same conditions as the control group. Investigating the regeneration of periodontal tissue was performed by evaluating proliferation, the activity of alkaline phosphatase and the synthetic ability of proteins using those cultivated cells by means of microculture tetrazolium (MTT) assay, alkaline phosphatase substrate kit and protein assay kit. Results : 1. In vitro, Palmijihwang-hwan extract increased the proliferation of MC3T3-El cells. 2. In vitro, Obaeja extract increased the activity of alkaline phosphatase and the synthetic ability of protein in MC3T3-El cells and human periodontal ligament fibroblasts depending on Obaeja extract's concentration. Conclusion : Obaeja extract can be developed as a subsidiary medicine for the regeneration of periodontal tissue. Further studies to evaluate the different concentrations the Obaeja extract and clinical trials in vivo are suggested.

• 식물병연구
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.94-96
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• 2010

In May of 2004 through 2007, Leptosphaerulina leaf blight caused by Leptosphaerulina trifolii occurred on Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis) at golf courses in Gangwon Province, Korea. Symptoms on the turfgrass caused by L. trifolii were leaf blights, dying from the leaf tip downwards to the crown, which appeared patches in the field because of local pockets of severely infected (blighted) grass. Perithecia were produced on old or weak leaves, including club-shaped asci, each of which contained 8 pale brown muriform ascospores with cross and longitudinal septa. Ascospores of the fungus isolated from the diseased leaf tissue and cultured on potato-dextrose agar (PDA) were muriform multicellular (composed of 3-6 cells) and $23.4-40.5{\times}7.8-15.6{\mu}m$ in size with 3-4 transverse and 0-3 longitudinal septa, which were morphologically identical to L. trifolii reported previously. DNA sequences of ribosomal RNA gene (internal transcribed spacer) of the fungus were homologous with similarity of 99% to those of L. trifolii isolates in GenBank database, confirming the identity of the causal agent of the disease. Pathogenicity of the fungus was also confirmed on the creeping bentgrass by Koch's postulates. This is first report of Leptosphaerulina leaf blight on turfgrass caused by L. trifolii in Korea.