• The Korean Nurse
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.37-51
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• 1994

The cutaneous stimulation is an independent nursing intervention used in various painful conditions, and is explained by gate control theory. This study was aimed at identifying the effect of cutaneous stimulation on reduction of arteriovenous fistula puncture pain of hemodialysis patients. One group repeated measurement post test research was designed. Forty-five hemodialysis patients who received arteriovenous fistula puncture regulary in hemodialysis units of an attacted D hospital to K university have been studied from August 16 to 21, 1993. First the arteriovenous fistula puncture pain of control period was measured, and then the arteriovenous fistula puncture pain of experimental period(with cutaneous stimulation) was measured. The instrument used for this study were visual analogue pain scale as subjective pain measurement, objective pain behavior checklist and Spielberger's Trait Anxiety Inventory as intervening variables. Analysis of data was done by use of paired t-test, t-test, ANOVA and Perarson correlation coefficient. The results of this study were summarized as follows; 1) The first hypothesis that the subjective pain score of arteriovenous fistula puncture pain in experimental period(with cutaneous stimulation) will be lower than in control period was partly supported. The subjective pain score of arterial line was rejected(paired t=-0.28, p=0.77) and the subjective pain score of venous line was supported(paired t=2.61, p=0.01). 2) The second hypothesis that the objective pain behavior score of arteriovenous fistula pain in experimental period(with cutaneous stimulation) will be lower than in control period was rejected(arterial line paired t=-0.45, p=0.65; venous line paired t=-0.36, p=0.72). 3) The third hypothesis that the cardiopulmonary signs of arteriovenous fistula puncture pain in experimental period(with cutaneous stimulation) will be lower than in control period was rejected(pulse paired t=-0.8, p=0.42; systolic BP paired t=0.98, p=0.33; diastolic BP paired t=0.43, p=0.66). Further experimental studies with simple intravenous injection patients will be recommended in order to identify the effect of cutaneous stimulation.

• Journal of Family Relations
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.73-103
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• 2016

Objectives: The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of reading mind recording on awareness of imaginations, Method: Decentering, parenting stress and subjective well-being through comparing expressive writing. random assignment was performed on each 13 persons of a recording group (experimental group) and an expressive writing group (comparison group) for reading mind from 26 parents having adolescents. The experimental group conducted the reading of reading mind and the comparison group performed expressive writing twice a week for eight weeks, twenty minutes per time, and responded to four questions on thought arrangement after writing. The researcher participated in the groups once per week and an assignment was suggested once per week. Repeated Measurement Two-way Repeated Measures ANOVA was conducted to confirm the differences according to periods and groups for the data analysis method. In order to examine the changes according to periods, t-test was conducted on the pre- and post-test. Results: The findings are as follows: First, regarding awareness of imaginations and decentering, the reading mind recording group showed a significant result in repeated measurement. Second, the reading mind recording group showed a significant decrease in the pre- and post-t-test about parenting stress. Third, all the reading mind recording group and expressive writing group showed significant results about subjective well-being. Conclusions: This study is significant in that it verified the effectiveness of reading mind recording on awareness of imaginations, decentering and parenting stress, and proved the possibility as an oriental counseling model that considers the characteristics of our culture.

• Progress in Medical Physics
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.201-208
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• 2008

Physical evaluations provide the basis for an objective and quantitative analysis of the image quality. Nonetheless, there are limitations in using physical evaluations to judge the utility of the image quality if the observer's subjectivity plays a key role despite its imprecise and variable nature. This study proposes a new method for objective and quantitative evaluation of image quality to compensate for the demerits of both physical and subjective image quality and combine the merits of them. The images of chest phantom were acquired from four digital radiography systems on clinic sites. The physical image quality was derived from an image analysis algorithm in terms of the contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) of the low-contrast objects in three regions (lung, heart, and diaphragm) of a digital chest phantom radiograph. For image analysis, various image processing techniques were used such as segmentation, and registration, etc. The subjective image quality was assessed by the ability of the human observer to detect low-contrast objects. Fuzzy integral was used to integrate them. The findings of this study showed that the physical evaluation did not agree with the subjective evaluation. The system with the better performance in physical measurement showed the worse result in subjective evaluation compared to the other system. The proposed protocol is an integral evaluation method of image quality, which includes the properties of both physical and subjective measurement. It may be used as a useful tool in image evaluation of various modalities.

• The KIPS Transactions:PartC
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• v.11C no.6 s.95
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• pp.773-780
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• 2004

In this paper, we measured the transmission characteristics of a MPEG2 and a DV that are typical stream-type traffics on the very high speed network and carried out the subjective evaluation of end users for these stream-types. In the subjective evaluation of these stream-type data, video quality evaluation is based on ITU-R BT.500-1 and audio qualify evaluation is based on ITU-R BS.1116-1. Also experiment method to acquire the subjective evaluation of end users is selected the 5 grades method of DSCQS. Under the same condition, in case of MPEG2, the evaluation grade of the video and the audio duality becomes deteriorated at the load rate of $54\%$ that network traffic increases rapidly. In case of DV the evaluation grade of video duality began decrease, but the degree of the change was slower than MPEG2 at the same load rate. Moreover the subjective evaluation grade of end users was superior to load rate $70\%$ in case of DV audio quality, traffic and QoS control that consider the subjective evaluation of end user is required. Conclusively, in case of MPEG2, we can perform traffic control that only use the actual measurement values on the network. However in case of DV, we can perform traffic control that the actual measurement values on the network and the subjective evaluation of end users are considered at the same time.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.33 no.6
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• pp.753-761
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• 2003

Purpose: The study was done to examine the effects of San- Yin-Jiao(SP6) acupressure treatment on subjective labor pain, length of delivery time in women during labor. Method: The study design was a randomized controlled clinical trial study using a double-blinded method. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire, a subjective labor pain scale and measurement of delivery time. The experimental group(n=29) was received SP6 acupressure and control group(n=29), SP6 touch for the duration of each uterine contraction, during 30 minutes after 3cm dilatation of cervical os. Result: The subjective labor pain scores was significantly different between the two groups(p=0.042). The total length of delivery time in the group which had the SP6 acupressure was shorter than SP6 touch group (p=0.036). Conclusion: These findings showed that SP6 acupressure was effective related to labor pain, length of time for delivery. SP6 acupressure during labor could be applied as an effective nursing treatment.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.87-100
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• 1990

This study was carried out in an attempt to establish a preliminary scale for measuring $\boxDr$Quality of Life$\boxUl$ of Korean farm households, Data from randomly selected 318 farm households through our the country were analysis. The main results of this study were summarized as follows; 1) The objective levels of living conditions were relatively low in dietary life, healthy & sanitation, and financial stability and were relatively high in family relationship, household work and housing environment. 2) The subjective satisfaction level was lowest in leisure and were relatively high in family relationship and health & sanitation. 3) A comparison of objective level of living conditions and subjective satisfaction level suggested th score of the latter were higher than the former in dietary life and health & sanitation. In the contrary to this, the scores of the former were higher than the latter in housing environment, household work, child education, leisure and family relationship. In particular, the score of the subjective satisfaction level were much higher in housing environment and household work.

• Proceeding of Spring/Autumn Annual Conference of KHA
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• 2003.11a
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• pp.53-58
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• 2003

Now days, as the consideration of sound environment is getting important, method of physical measurement such as reverberation time and sound pressure level becomes common. However, such method cant include subjective sensation such as personal emotion and feeling, evaluation. So there is a limitation to make the most optimized sound environment. Therefore, in the present experiment, I improve big indoor gymnasium that has sound defect because of too long reverberation time. After that, I conduct the auditory sense evaluation of human psychological response. From the experiment, I will make research into sound satisfaction rate about the subject space and response of each item. As well as, I will present the result as basic database of sound environment improvement experiment of indoor gymnasium.

• Journal of Labour Economics
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.79-104
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• 2017

This papers reviews the concept of happiness which has begun to be widely used in many fields. The concept of happiness is extensively examined within the analytical concept of subjective well-being. Three components of subjective well-being are clearly summarized in the paper. In addition, related questionaries measuring those components are provided from the most widely accepted in the study of happiness. The role of two factors such as income and unemployment in determining individuals' happiness is also discussed.

• Transactions of the Korean Society for Noise and Vibration Engineering
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• v.14 no.9 s.90
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• pp.884-890
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• 2004

In this paper, an index for the evaluation of vehicle intake booming noise is developed through a correlation analysis of objective measurement data and subjective evaluation data. First, intake orifice noise is measured at the wide-open test condition. And then, acoustic transfer function between intake orifice noise and interior noise at the steady state condition is estimated. Simultaneously, subjective evaluation was carried out with a ten-scale score by 8 engineers. Next, the correlation analysis between the psycho-acoustic parameters derived from the measured data and the subjective evaluation is performed. The most critical factor was determined and the corresponding index for the intake booming noise is obtained from the multiple factor regression method. At last, the effectiveness of the proposed index is validated.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.41 no.5
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• pp.399-405
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• 2013

This study demonstrates the utilization of light microscopy and Fast Fourier Transform-Peak Finding (FPF) method for microfibril angle (MFA) measurement from unstained sections of red pine (Pinus densiflora). To obtain an image with optimal contrast and resolution for MFA measurement, effects of numerical aperture (NA) of condenser lens and color filters were investigated. About 60% of NA of the maximum condenser NA produced an image with optimal contrast, but a color filter with short wavelength range (DAPI) created images with improved resolution. Manual angle measurement and the FPF method were applied to the image with optimal contrast for MFA measurement. The experimental results from the FPF method were considered to be more repeatable and less subjective than those from the manual angle measurement.