• 대한산업공학회지
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• 제37권3호
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• pp.209-215
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• 2011

The objective of this study was to determine whether there are differences in hand muscle activities (APB : abductor pollicis brevis, ED : extensor digitorum, ECU : extensor carpi ulnaris, and EI : extensor indicis) and subjective discomfort according to the three mouse sizes (small, medium, large) and two task types (pointing and scrolling). The mouse size and task type showed significant interaction effects on the total NEMG (p = 0.004) and on the NEMG of the abductor pollicis brevis muscle (p = 0.001). The total NEMG and the NEMG of APB showed the highest value in the 'scrolling' task using the 'small' mouse. However, the NEMG of the EI was different according to the mouse size, and the 'small' mouse showed the lowest value. The subjective discomfort was the lowest in the 'medium' mouse, and all nine subjects preferred the 'medium' size. The hand-size related anthropometric variables showed different correlations according to the task type and mouse size with the NEMGs and subjective discomfort. The results of this study could be used as a basic information for the determination of the proper mouse size according to the hand size.

• Industrial Engineering and Management Systems
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• 제10권3호
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• pp.185-190
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• 2011

A driver interacts directly with the car seat at all times. There are ergonomic characteristics that have to be followed to produce comfortable seats. However, most of previous researches focused on either static or dynamic condition only. In addition, research on car seat development is critically lacking although Malaysia herself manufactures its own car. Hence, this paper integrates objective measurements and subjective evaluation to predict seat discomfort. The objective measurements consider both static and dynamic conditions. Steven's psychophysics power law has been used in which after expansion; ${\psi}\;=\;a+b{\varphi}_s^{\alpha}+c{\varphi}_v^{\beta}$ where ${\psi}$ is discomfort sensation, ${\varphi}_s^{\alpha}$ is static modality with exponent ${\alpha}$ and ${\varphi}_v^{\beta}$ is dynamic modality with exponent ${\beta}$. The subjects in this study were local and the cars used were Malaysian made compact car. Static objective measurement was the seat pressure distribution measurement. The experiment was carried out on the driver's seat in a real car with the engine turned off. Meanwhile, the dynamic objective measurement was carried out in a moving car on real roads. During pressure distribution and vibration transmissibility experiments, subjects were requested to evaluate their discomfort levels using vehicle seat discomfort survey questionnaire together with body map diagram. From subjective evaluations, seat pressure and vibration dose values exponent for static modality ${\alpha}$ = 1.51 and exponent for dynamic modality ${\beta}$ = 1.24 were produced. The curves produced from the $E_{q.s}$ showed better $R_{-sq}$ values (99%) when both static and dynamic modalities were considered together as compared to Eq. with single modality only (static or dynamic only R-Sq = 95%). In conclusion, car seat discomfort prediction gives better result when seat development considered both static and dynamic modalities; and using ergonomic approach.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.27-40
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• 1991

Perineal discomfort from episiotomy continues to be a problem for many postpartum women. The purposes of this study were to compare the effect of ice bag and heat lamp for the relief of perineal discomfort and to identify the sustaining time of each effect. Forty women took ice bag and heat lamp with random assignment of initial therapy. Women rated the degree of perineal discomfort before and after each therapy and at half-hour, tow-hour and four-hour intervals after each therapy. A discomfort scale, 18cm graphic rating scale, was used. The results of the study were as follows ; 1. The ice bag group showed significantly lower discomfort score than the heat lamp group at the half- hour and two - hour intervals after therapy. 2. The ice bag group showed significantly lower discomfort score for 4hrs after than before therapy, but the heat lamp group did not show significantly lower discomfort score. 3. Neither the type of episiotomy nor the previous experience of heat therapy influenced on the effect of ice bag relieving the perineal discomfort. Therefore ice bag was significantly mere effective in relieving perineal discomfort than heat lamp. Subjective responeses of patients who took both therapy were very favorable toward ice bag. I suggested that nurses should provide women with adequate information about the use of ice bag and encourage to apply ice bag instead of heat lamp after episiotomy in order to promote the relief of perineal discomfort and the healing of perineal wound.

• 한국안전학회지
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.73-78
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• 2001

It has been proposed that the acceptable level of discomfort was a valid measure of postural loading. Although the number of women employees has increased at a much faster rate than men workers did and female workers are thought to be more vulnerable to musculoskeletal disorders, most previous studies dealt with perceived discomforts for joint motions focused on male subjects. This study aims to measure perceived discomfort ratings of females for static joint motions. Ten female subjects participated in the experiment measuring perceived discomforts, in which almost every possible joint motion was included and the free modulus method of the magnitude estimation was employed. The results showed that discomfort levels were dependent on the joint motions and joints, and subjective discomfort ratings of women were significantly larger than those of men.

• 대한산업공학회지
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• 제39권2호
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• pp.99-104
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• 2013

With diversity of mobile services (e.g., messenger, and social network service) on smartphone, the demand of text input using a soft keyboard is increasing. However, studies on subjective and physiological responses of users for various touch locations are lacking. The present study investigated the ergonomic effects according to touch locations of a soft keyboard on smartphone. The experiment of the present study measured perceived discomfort using Borg's CR-10 scale and electromyography (EMG) on forearm (abductor pollicis longus, and extensor digitorum communis) and thumb (abductor pollicis brevis, and first dorsal interossei) muscles. Perceived discomfort was significantly varied from 0.7 (extremely weak discomfort) to 2.5 (weak discomfort) depending on touch locations. %MVC according to touch locations was only significant at abductor pollicis brevis which varied from 10% to 23%. The experimental results of the present study can be utilized in the ergonomic design of a soft keyboard.

• 한국생활과학회지
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• 제19권4호
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• pp.655-665
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• 2010

This study analyzed the effects of skinny jean on women's health by questionnaire survey and measuring the pressure experienced under the clothing and participants' subjective view of the pressure level. The average size women in their 20s' waists is 26 inches and so three pairs of jeans were prepared and worn by 4 female participants. A survey was conducted to investigate how often participants wear skinny jeans and whether they had had any feelings of discomfort as a result of this. Participants responded that they hadexperienced middle to high levels of discomfort due to the high pressure inside skinny jeans. For the maximum value of clothing pressures, jean f2 at the part of buttocks showed $48.7gf/cm^2$. The pressure inside the clothing was found to be highest around the buttocks followed by the knees and finally the belly. The mean values of 7 measuring parts are different according to the jean type; f3 $20.8gf/cm^2$ > f2 $16.4gf/cm^2$ > f1 $15.5gf/cm^2$, which is corresponding to the order of pressure sensation, but not corresponding to the order of ease amount of clothing pattern: f2 > f3 > f1. Mean pressure values were also measured according to the body posture: they were found to by highest when sitting on a chair (21.3gf/$cm^2$), second highest when sitting on the floor ($19.2gf/cm^2$) and lowest when standing ($15.0gf/cm^2$). This is not always same to the order of participants subjective perceptions of the pressure, which is, they estimated pressure to be highest when sitting on the floor followed by sitting on a chair and lowest in a standing position.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• 제40권3호
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• pp.99-108
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• 2023

Objectives : The aim of this study was to assess the quantitative characteristics of pressure pain threshold (PPT) and pressure depth (PD) at the abdominal conception vessel (CV) acupoints according to subjective digestive status and digestive discomfort levels, accomplished by comparing a large group of healthy men and women, using the modified digital algometer. Methods : A total of 1,504 healthy adults aged 19 years or older participated in this study. A questionnaire was administered to evaluate participants' digestive status and discomfort. PPT (kgf/cm²/s) and PD (mm) measurements were obtained at CV14, CV12, and CV4 acupoints using a modified digital algometer. General characteristics were analyzed using the chi-square test, and differences in PPT and PD were assessed using two-sample t-tests and ANCOVA. Results : Significant difference in PPT was found based on digestive status at CV14 and CV12 for both sexes, and in PD at CV14 for women. Women exhibited significant difference in PPT based on digestive discomfort at CV14, CV12, and CV4, while men showed significant difference at CV14 and CV12. Significant difference in PD was observed at CV14 and CV4 among women. Even after adjusting for age and body mass index, significant difference persisted in PPT based on digestive discomfort at CV14 and CV12 for both sexes. PD exhibited significant differences at CV14, CV12, and CV4 among women. Conclusions : Using the modified digital algometer, this study showed the significant difference of pressure pain threshold at the CV14 and CV12 acupoints for subjective digestive discomfort levels in healthy men and women.

• 산업경영시스템학회지
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• 제24권65호
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• pp.65-73
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• 2001

In this study, psychophysiological stress was quantitatively evaluated at various car interior noise levels by using Electroencephalogram(EEG). An experiment was performed to investigate the most comfortable range of noise level during simulated driving condition. Twelve healthy volunteers participated in the experiment. They were asked to operate the driving simulator while six levels of interior noise were given, such as 45dB(A), 50dB(A), 55dB(A), 60dB(A), 70dB(A), 80dB(A), and maximal subjective noise level. EEG signals were recorded for 60 seconds in each noise level. The power spectral analysis was performed to analyze EEG signal. At the same time, psychological stress was also measured subjectively by using a magnitude estimation method. The results showed that subjective stress and EEG spectrum indicated a statistically significant difference between noise levels. In particular, high level noise produced an increase in beta power at temporal(T3, T4) areas. It was also found that beta activity was highly correlated with subjective perception of discomfort, and subjects responded to car interior noise as arousing or negative stimuli. Moreover, beta power remained stable above 70dB(A), whereas subjective discomfort continued to increase even above 70dB(A) We concluded that brain waves could provide psychophysiological information of drivers emotional reaction to car interior noise. Thus, EEG parameters could be a new measure to determine optimal noise level in ergonomic workplace design after further verification in various experimental conditions.

• KIEAE Journal
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.21-28
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• 2015

Purpose: Although security lights are used to secure pedestrian visibility and safety at nighttime, they can generate light trespass in the neighboring residential space. To prevent this, standards for acceptance limits on vertical illuminance and light pollution by the windows of residential buildings are presented. Method: This study thus representatively selected three types of lamps and, through an evaluation and analysis of the physical and subjective discomfort glare per lamp, proposed a discomfort glare index for each lamp. The evaluation and analysis according to the lamps were conducted through experiments. The variables were the security lights' lamps (NH 100W, MH 70W, LED 50W), installation angles ($0^{\circ}$, $20^{\circ}$), and installation distances (3m, 5m, 7m, 9m). Result: According to the results of the discomfort glare evaluation depending on the angles and distances of the security lights, the following minimum standards are proposed: for NH 100W, a discomfort glare index of 30 and an installation distance of 4m; for MH 70W, a discomfort glare index of 32 and an installation distance of 4m; and, for LED 50W, a discomfort glare index of 31 and an installation distance of 6m, respectively. In addition, this paper recommends the use of MH 70W, when the road width is 4m-6m, and LED 50W, when the road width is over 6m, respectively.

• 대한산업공학회지
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.76-83
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• 2004

This study aimed to empirically investigate perceived discomfort depending upon external load, upper limb postures and their holding time. Discomfort was obtained through an experiment, in which external load, wrist flexion/extension, elbow flexion, shoulder flexion and adduction/abduction were used as experimental variables. The subjects were instructed to hold given postures for 60s and to rate their subjective discomfort scores at 5s, 20s, 40s and 60s by using the free modulus method of magnitude estimation. The results showed that while only external load and elbow flexion were statistically significant at the holding time of 5s at ${\alpha}=0.05$ or 0.10, external load and upper limb postures excluding shoulder adduction/abduction significantly affected discomfort ratings at 20s, 40s and 60s at ${\alpha}=0.01$ or 0.05. Discomfort scores were also significantly different between four posture holding times at ${\alpha}=0.01$. The effects of external load and holding time were much larger than those of upper limb postures. Based on the results of this study, it is recommended that external load and holding time as well as working postures betaken into consideration to precisely quantify postural load in industry.