• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.43 no.2
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• pp.195-202
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• 2003

Chitosan is known to have antibacterial, antitumorogenic, hypolipidemic and immunopotentiating activities, hence finding diverse uses as a component in varying functional foodstuffs. However, some investigators reported it caused mineral absoiption inhibition and excess coagulation. From the chemical viewpoint, conventional chitosans are high-molecule polymers lacking water solubility, which could be related with their possible toxicity. A newly developed low- molecule water soluble chitosan is thought to have low toxicity compared to conventional chitosans. But no investigation was carried out to evaluate its toxicity. In this study, a 28-day subacute oral toxicity study of the water-soluble chitosan was performed in Sprague-Dawley rats of both sexes. Each 36 male and female rats were orally administered with 500, 1,000 and 2,000 mg/kg/day for 28 consecutive days, respectively. Clinical parameters (growth rate, feed and water consumption, daily inspection, urine analysis) during the 28 days indicated the water-soluble chitosan did not induce any abnonnal changes. There were no abnormal findings due to the administration of the test substance in gross and microscopic findings. We had not found alteration in absolute and relative organ weight between the control and treated groups, with only exception in the liver but lacking dose-dependency. The results of hematology and serum biochemistry examination revealed that no treatment related changes were between control and all dose groups. In conclusion, it was suggested that subacute toxicity of the water-soluble chitosan was low and the no-observed adverse effect level was considered to be over 2,000 mg/kg in rats.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Toxicology Conference
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• 2002.11b
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• pp.157-157
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• 2002

The toxicity of GX-12, a naked DNA vaccine developed by research team of Dong-A Pharmaceutical Company, Green Cross Company and Genexine for the treatment of HIV infection, was investigated in Sprague-Dawley rats. In single-dose intramuscular/oral acute toxicity studies, animals were treated 0, 250, 1000 or 4000 $\mu\textrm{g}$/kg/$m\ell$ in sodium phosphate buffer.(omitted)

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.41 no.2
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• pp.203-211
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• 1997

This study was conducted to investigate the subacute transdermal toxicity of Syndella gel, a new topical drug containing deproteinized dialysate of calf's blood and micronomicin sulfate in Sprague-Dawley rats. Three doses (1.97, 3.94, 7.88 g/kg) of Syndella gel was daily treated transdermally to male and female rats for 30 days. No death was occurred in either control or treated rats. No significant toxic clinical signs and body weight change were not observed at any doses in the male or female rats treated. There were no significant alterations in hematologic and biochemical parameters in both sexes, however slight increase of potassium concentration was observed in 3.94g/kg and 7.88 g/kg female groups. No significant necrotic changes were not observed in examined organs. This study showed that up to 7.88g/kg Syndella gel did not induce subacute transdermal toxicity.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.281-291
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• 1997

The subacute toxicity of the combined vaccine (KGCC-95VI) for the prophylaxis against Japanese encephalitis and Hantaan virus infection, recently developed by Korea Green Cross Corporation, was investigated. KGCC-95VI was subcutaneously administered into the both sexes of New Zealand White rabbits at the dosage of 0, 10. 50 and 250 ml/kg body weight (20, 100 and 500 times the expected clincal dose) once a day for 30 days. There were no deaths and clinical findings during the experiment period. In both sexes. there were no statistically significant differences between the treated and control groups in urinalysis tests, hematological tests, blood chemistry tests and pathological examinations. The KGCC-95VI is considered not to have the subacute toxicity in the rabbits.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.595-601
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• 2017

Background: Red ginseng oil (RGO) is produced by supercritical $CO_2$ extraction of secondary products derived from Korean Red Ginseng extract. As the use of RGO has increased, product safety concerns have become more important. Methods: In the present study, the subacute oral toxicity and bacterial reverse mutagenicity of RGO were evaluated. Sprague-Dawley rats were orally administered with RGO for 28 d by gavage. Daily RGO dose concentrations were 0 mg/kg body weight (bw), 500 mg/kg bw, 1,000 mg/kg bw, or 2,000 mg/kg bw per day. Bacterial reverse mutation tests included five bacterial strains (Escherichia coli WP2 and Salmonella typhimurium TA98, TA100, TA1535, and TA1537), which were used in the presence or absence of metabolic activation. The plated incorporation method for mutation test was used with RGO concentrations ranging from $312.5{\mu}g$ to $5,000{\mu}g$ per plate. Results: The subacute oral toxicity test results did not reveal any marked changes in clinical characteristics. There were no toxicological changes related to RGO administration in hematological and serum biochemical characteristics in either control or treatment animals. Furthermore, no gross or histopathological changes related to RGO treatment were observed. The bacterial reverse mutation test results did not reveal, at any RGO concentration level and in all bacterial strains, any increase in the number of revertant colonies in the RGO treatment group compared to that in the negative control group. Conclusion: The no-observed-adverse-effect level of RGO is greater than 2,000 mg/kg bw and RGO did not induce genotoxicity related to bacterial reverse mutations.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.215-224
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• 2019

As various populations are rapidly becoming an aging society worldwide and interest in health issues has increased, demand for functional foods including herbal products has increased markedly to maintain a healthy state which has led to safety issues about their intake as an inevitable result. The objective of this study was to identify the safety profile of a Korean red ginseng and Salvia plebeia R. Br. extract mixture (KGC-03-PS) which is a valuable ingredient that can be used as a functional food. In the present study, the subacute oral toxicity and bacterial reverse mutagenicity of KGC-03-PS were evaluated. Sprague Dawley rats were administered KGC-03-PS orally for 28 days by gavage. Daily KGC-03-PS dose concentrations were 0, 500, 1,000, or 2,000 mg/kg body weight (bw) per day. Bacterial reverse mutation test with KGC-03-PS dose levels ranging from 312.5 to $5,000{\mu}g/plate$ was carried out by OECD test guideline No. 471. Five bacterial strains (Salmonella typhimurium TA98, TA100, TA1535, TA1537, and Escherichia coli WP2) were tested in the presence or absence of metabolic activation by plate incorporation method. There were no toxicological effects related with test substance in the clinical evaluation of subacute oral toxicity test including clinical signs, body weight, and food consumption. Moreover, no toxicological changes related to KGC-03-PS were observed in the hematological and serum biochemical characteristics as well as in the pathological examinations, which included organ weight measurements and in the gross- or histopathological findings. KGC-03-PS did not induce an increase in the number of revertant colonies in all bacterial strains of the bacterial reverse mutation test. The no-observed-adverse-effect level of KGC-03-PS is greater than 2,000 mg/kg bw/day, and KGC-03-PS did not induce genotoxicity related to bacterial reverse mutations under the conditions used in this study.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Toxicology Conference
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• 2002.11b
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• pp.193-193
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• 2002

The subacute toxicities and toxicokinetics of a new fluoroquinolone antibiotics, DW-224a, were evaluated after single (at the 1st day) and 4-week (at the 28th day) oral administration of the drug, in doses of 0 (to serve as a control), 10, 30 and 90 mg/kg/day, to male and female dogs (n = 3 for male and female dogs for each dose).(omitted)

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.159-163
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• 2006

Objectives : The subacute toxicity was investigated in Sprague-Dawley rats orally treated with Dangguibohyel-tang (DBT). DBT has been used for anemia, in Korean medicine. Methods : Sprague-Dawley rats were administered orally with DBT at the dosages of 1,000 mg/kg for 14 days. We daily examined number of deaths, clinical signs, body weights and gross findings during the 14 days. Results : There were no clinical signs and pathological changes compared with control group. Body weights were not significantly changed between control and treatment groups. In hematological and biochemical serum parameters, all mean values appear to be within the normal range. Conclusion : These results suggest that DBT dose not induce any significant subacute oral toxicities in Sprague-Dawley rats.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.83-88
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• 2011

The wholesomeness of 40 kGy irradiated ready-to-eat (RTE) bulgogi was evaluated by subacute toxicity studies (body weight, food consumption, organ weight, hematology, serum biochemistry, and histopathological examination) with groups of 40 male and female ICR mice fed the agent at dietary levels of 5% for 90 days. There were no treatment-related adverse effects with regard to body weight, food consumption, organ weight, hematology, serum biochemistry, and histopathology. The no-observed-adverse-effect-level (NOAEL) was also determined to be greater than dietary level of at least 5% (3900 mg/kg body weight/day for males, 3500 mg/kg body weight/ day for females) for samples under the present experimental conditions. These results suggest that, under these experimental conditions, RTE bulgogi irradiated at 40 kGy did not show any toxic effects.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.848-852
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• 2009

Taeumjowi-tang is originated in Donguisusebowon edited by Lee Je-Ma. The objective of this study was to investigate the subacute toxicity of Taeumjowi-tang in rats. Several doses(0, 125, 250, 500, 1,000, and 2,000 mg/kg) of Taeumjowi-tang were administered to rats for 4 weeks. The mortality, clinical signs, body weights and gross findings were examined for experimental period. No dead animals were found during the experimental period. In addition, any differences were not found between control and treated groups in clinical signs, hematology, serum biochemistry, and other findings. In conclusion, the no observed adverse effect level(NOAEL) for Taeumjowi-tang was over 2,000 mg/kg/day in rats.