• The Journal of the Korea institute of electronic communication sciences
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.827-836
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• 2018

In this study, we developed a PC - based motorcycle simulator based on the development technology of a virtual patrol motorcycle training system. This simulator has been developed to be applied to a variety of fields such as driving training for beginners, driver factor research, and system development such as ABS, which can be seen in advanced models. The weight of the motorcycle operated by the patrol guards is more than 400Kg. There is a lot of risk due to the nature of work without prior practice. Therefore, we implemented a study on the untilization of physical stress and temporal pressure in emergency situations. In order to get a feeling that the motorcycle simulator is operating in real-life, it is important that the mutual reliable signal transmission and operation feel between the driver and the simulator. In order to achieve this, we developed a system that can apply the sub-systems of the actual vehicle to the motorcycle simulator in order to generate the same operation feeling as the actual vehicle. Based on these results, we have developed a method of generating a feedback queue.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.67 no.4
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• pp.311-317
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• 2009

Background: The methacholine bronchial provocation test is a useful tool for evaluating asthma in patients with normal or near normal baseline lung function. However, the sensitivity of this test is 82~92% at most. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the clinical usefulness of $FEF_{25-75%}$ in identification of airway hyperresponsiveness in patients with suspected asthmatic symptoms. Methods: One hundred twenty-five patients who experienced cough and wheezing within one week prior to their visiting the clinic were enrolled. Results: Sixty-four subjects showed no significant reduction of $FEV_{1}$ or $FEF_{25-75%}$ on the methacholine bronchial provocation test (Group I). In 24 patients, $FEF_{25-75%}$ fell more than 20% from baseline without a 20% fall of $FEV_{1}$ during methacholine challenge (Group II). All patients who had more than 20% fall of $FEV_{1}$ (n=37) also showed more than 20% of reduction in $FEF_{25-75%}$ (Group III). Baseline $FEV_{1}$/FVC (%) and $FEF_{25-75%}$ (L) were higher in group II than group III (81.51${\pm}$1.56% vs. 75.02${\pm}$1.60%, p<0.001, 3.25${\pm}$0.21 L vs. 2.45${\pm}$0.21 L, p=0.013, respectively). Group II had greater reductions of both $FEV_{1}$ and $FEF_{25-75%}$ than group I at 25 mg/mL of methacholine (p<0.001). The provocative concentration of methacholine causing a 20% fall in $FEF_{25-75%}$ in group II was about three-fold higher than that in group III. Conclusion: A 20% fall of $FEF_{25-75%}$ by methacholine provocation can be more sensitive indicator for detecting a milder form of airway hyperresponsiveness than $FEV_{1}$ criteria.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Automotive Engineers
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.58-64
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• 2007

As the concerns regarding global worming were increased, the pressure of greenhouse gas(GHG) emission reduction on mobile source was also increased. Carbon dioxides contribute over 90% of total GHG emission and the mobile source occupies about 20% of this $CO_2$ emission. Therefore automotive exhaust is suspected to be one of the major reasons of the rapid increase in greenhouse effect gases in ambient air. In this study, in order to investigate $CO_2$ emission characteristics from gasoline passenger cars(PC), which is the most dominant vehicle type in Korea, 106 vehicles were tested on the chassis dynamometer. $CO_2$ emissions and fuel efficiency were measured. The emission characteristics by displacement, gross vehicle weight, vehicle speed and CVS-75/vehicle speed mode were discussed. Test modes were vehicle speed modes and CVS-75 mode that have been used to develop emission factors and to regulate for light-duty vehicle in Korea. It was found that $CO_2$ emissions showed higher large displacement, heavy gross vehicle weight, low vehicle speed and CVS-75 mode than small displacement, light gross vehicle weight, high vehicle speed and vehicle speed mode, respectively. From these results, correlation between $CO_2$ emission and fuel efficiency was also determined. The results of this study will contribute to domestic greenhouse gas emissions calculation and making the national policy for climate change.

• Korean Journal of Childcare and Education
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.55-74
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• 2013

This study examined the influence of ego-resilience and psychological well-being on job stress in childcare teachers. The participants were 192 childcare teachers in Seoul and Daejeon Metropolitan City. The research instruments were Ego-Resilience by Park(1996), Psychological well-being by Kim(2008), and Job Stress by Hong(2009). Collected data were analysed by descriptive statistics(frequency analysis, mean, & standard deviation) and multiple regression, and Cronbach's ${\alpha}$ for reliability by SPSS PC program. The results were as follows: First, Childcare teachers' perceived ego-resilience was higher than average. Childcare teachers' perceived psychological well-being was higher than average. Childcare teachers' perceived job stress was lower than average. Second, Childcare teachers' perceived ego-resilience and psychological well-being was having significant influences on childcare teachers' perceived job stress. Optimistic thinking and anger control among sub-factors of childcare teachers' perceived ego-resilience and environmental mastery among sub-factors of childcare teachers' perceived psychological well-being explained 46% of variance in childcare teachers' perceived job stress. These results provide informations for reducing job stress in childcare teacher and suggest the basis of an education program for childcare teacher.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.451-458
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• 2006

Automotive exhaust is suspected to be one of the major reasons of the rapid increase in greenhouse effect gases in ambient air. As the concerns regarding global worming were increased, the pressure on mobile source greenhouse gas (GHG) emission were also increased. Carbon Dioxides contribute over 90% of total GHG emission and the mobile source occupies about 20% of this $CO_2$ emission. In this study, in order to investigate $CO_2$ emission characteristics from gasoline and LPG passenger cars (PC), which is the most dominant vehicle type in Korea, 53 vehicles were tested on the chassis dynamometer. $CO_2$ emissions and fuel consumption efficiency were measured. The emission characteristics by fuel type, model year, mileage, vehicle speed and transmission type were also discussed. Test modes used in this study were NIER 10 modes and CVS-75 mode, which have been used for developing emission factors and testing new vehicles respectively. The results of this study showed that the main factors which have significant influences on the $CO_2$ emissions are fuel type, transmission type, displacement of vehicle and mileage. The correlation between $CO_2$ emission and FE was also determined by comparing $CO_2$ emission and fuel consumption efficiency. The overall results of this study will greatly contribute to domestic greenhouse gas emissions calculation and designing national strategies for climate change.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.46 no.3
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• pp.348-356
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• 2022

Background: Gintonin is a ginseng-derived exogenous G-protein-coupled lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) receptor ligand. Gintonin exerts its neuronal and non-neuronal in vitro and in vivo effects through LPA receptor subtypes. However, it is unknown whether gintonin can bind to the plasma membrane of cells and can transactivate the epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor. In the present study, we examined whether gintonin-biotin conjugates directly bound to LPA receptors and transactivated the EGF receptor. Methods: We designed gintonin-biotin conjugates through gintonin biotinylation and examined whether gintonin-biotin conjugate binding sites co-localized with the LPA receptor subtype binding sites. We further examined whether gintonin-biotin transactivated the EGF receptor via LPA receptor regulation via phosphor-EGF and cell migration assays. Results: Gintonin-biotin conjugates elicit [Ca²⁺]_i transient similar to that observed with unbiotinylated gintonin in cultured PC3 cells, suggesting that biotinylation does not affect physiological activity of gintonin. We proved that gintonin-biotin conjugate binding sites co-localized with the LPA1/6 receptor binding sites. Gintonin-biotin binding to the LPA1 receptor transactivates the epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor through phosphorylation, while the LPA1/3 receptor antagonist, Ki16425, blocked phosphorylation of the EGF receptor. Additionally, an EGF receptor inhibitor AG1478 blocked gintonin-biotin conjugate-mediated cell migration. Conclusions: We observed the binding between ginseng-derived gintonin and the plasma membrane target proteins corresponding to the LPA1/6 receptor subtypes. Moreover, gintonin transactivated EGF receptors via LPA receptor regulation. Our results suggest that gintonin directly binds to the LPA receptor subtypes and transactivates the EGF receptor. It may explain the molecular basis of ginseng physiology/pharmacology in biological systems.

• The Journal of Korean Obstetrics and Gynecology
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.94-106
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• 2013

Objectives: The purpose of this study is to find the effect of Far Infrared Radiation (FIR) about improvement of chief complaints and health state. Methods: For this study we evaluated thermographic images, heart rate variability (HRV), visual analogue scale (VAS) score of 34 patients with various diseases. Tests were done two times, before and after treatments and we compared the test results. We used the temperature difference between CV12 and CV4, both sides of PC8, LR3 for recognizing improvement of blood circulation. We analyzed the change of complexity, stability of autonomic nervous system (ANS) by HRV test. The patients were asked to fill out questionnaire about the severity of symptoms by VAS score. Analyses were undertaken using SPSS ver.12.0.1 and p-value of < 0.05 was considered significant. Results: Statistical analysis shows that Far Infrared Radiation (FIR) had significant efficiency in increasing surface temperature and reducing VAS pain scores. In heart rate variability (HRV) test, LF/HF ratio showed tends to improve. Conclusions: The application of an FIR to whole body appears to alleviate various complaints of patients.

• KIPS Transactions on Software and Data Engineering
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• v.2 no.12
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• pp.865-872
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• 2013

Two-level morphology analysis method is one of rule-based morphological analysis method. This approach handles morphological transformation using rules and analyzes words with morpheme connection information in a lexicon. It is independent of language and Korean Two-level system was also developed. But, it was limited in practical use, because of using very small set of lexicon built manually. And it has also a over-generation problem. In this paper, we propose an automatic construction method of Korean Two-level lexicon for PC-KIMMO from morpheme tagged corpus. We also propose a method to solve over-generation problem using lexical information and sub-tags. The experiment showed that the proposed method reduced over-generation by 68% compared with the previous method, and the performance increased from 39% to 65% in f-measure.

• Journal of East-West Nursing Research
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.105-111
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• 2002

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of hand massage program on total sleep hours at night and satisfaction of sleep in clients with ischemic heart disease. The design utilized for this study was quasi-experimental with a nonequivalent control group non-synchronized design. The subjects were fifty-four patients, twenty-eight for the experimental and twenty-six for the control group, who were admitted with ischemic heart disease at cardiac intensive care unit in K medical center of K university. This study was carried out from May, 1999 to March, 2000. Hand massage was carried out at $8{\sim}9$ PM, once a day for 3 days. Total sleep hours at night were measured from 9 PM through 6AM next morning. Sleep hours of subjects were observed 30 minutes interval. Satisfaction of sleep was measured by Visual Analogue Scale(VAS) at 7 AM next morning. The collected data were processed by using the SPSS PC program and analyzed using $X^2$-test and repeated measures of ANOVA. The result of this study are as follows : 1. The total sleep hours at night of the experimental group were not higher than those of the control group. 2. The satisfaction of sleep of the experimental group was not higher than that of the control group. In conclusion, hand massage did not promoted sleep in ICU clients with ischemic heart disease.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.36 no.9
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• pp.49-62
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• 1998

This paper investigates the parenting stress of fathers who have preschooler. At first, a causal model constructed, including the parenting stress as a dependent variable and the psychological characteristics of paternal self-esteem and parenting efficacy as parameters. Based on the change of parenting stress, self-esteem and parenting efficacy according to various pertinent to fathers, the causal effect of various variables effecting on the paternal parenting stress is analyzed. The SPSS PC program was used for the statistical analysis, where fully exploited were frequencies, percentages, means, standard deviations, Cronbach α, one-way analysis(ANOVA), path analysis. The results can be summarized into 3 parts, in conclusion: 1) The younger a father is, the higher paternal self-esteem becomes. Paternal self-esteem trend was there, for a father who is a member of large family, and for a father whose education level is high, and for a father whose occupation is professional. Regarding parenting sense of competence, a father shows confidence when he has more income, more educated and less children. 2) The variable analysis effecting on the parenting stress dut to the paternal environment shows that a father feels more stress when his income is less and his spouse is working. The sub-factor analysis on the parenting stress shows that 'typical stress dut to the parenting' increases when his income is less and his spouse is working, and 'pressures pertaning to the parental role and distress' increases for a father with less income, working spouse, less educated and non-professional job. Further 'guilty to the parenting by others' shows higher for a father with less income and a working spouse. 3) The path analysis, which were performed to check the causality of the parenting stress dut to various variables, shows that the self-esteem and the parenting efficacy are significant factors directly effecting on the paternal parenting stress, and the job-satisfaction and marriage-satisfaction are significantly effecting on the parenting stress both directly and indirectly.