• Environmental and Resource Economics Review
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.689-733
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• 2011

This study evaluates a novel scheme to trade sulfur dioxide emission permits subject to non-uniform rates. These rates are based on generators' marginal costs of compliance with environmental policy in a hypothesized least social-cost solution. This scheme is compared against the existing trading program used by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, featuring permits tradable one for one. Both policies are modeled to yield identical aggregate emissions. A numerical partial-equilibrium model of the U.S. energy industry is used to infer sulfur dioxide concentrations and health damages, as well as producer and consumer surplus, under the two policies. Regional pollution levels are found to vary across the two policies significantly. The system of exchange rates is estimated to outperform the uniform-trading scheme by $2.2 billion in industry profits and $2.1 billion in health damages, but to reduce consumer surplus by $6.7 billion. Paradoxically, exchange rates are thus estimated to lower total welfare by $2.5 billion. This is due to conceptual mechanism-design problems, as well as empirical issues.

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.280-290
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• 2023

As consumers are increasingly shopping online for fashion products, their return behavior is also increasing. Regarding the factors affecting return behavior, this study explores the effect of the purchasing orientation considering returns that are derived from bracketing purchase behavior, monetary lenient return policies, and non-monetary lenient return policies. Additionally, this study examines the effect of monetary/non-monetary lenient return policies on return behavior, mediated by the purchasing orientation considering returns. This study was conducted through an online survey and 238 data were collected and used for analysis. Two research models were designed for each independent variable of monetary lenient return policies, and non-monetary lenient return policies, and the path of the research model was analyzed using Process Macro 4.0. The study found that the sub-dimensions of return policy - monetary or non-monetary return policies - had different effects on return behavior through purchasing orientation considering returns. Monetary lenient return policies had a positive direct effect on return behavior, and purchasing orientation considering returns mediated the effect of the monetary lenient return policies on return behavior. However, the non-monetary lenient return policies only positively and significantly directly affected return behavior. The findings of this study contribute to understanding consumers' purchasing orientation considering returns. Furthermore, from the effect of the return policy on return behavior, the results are valuable as they can help fashion marketers establish a return strategy.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.13-25
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• 2018

Using data from the 2014 Survey on Internet Addiction performed by the National Information Society Agency, this study aimed to examine the influences of closeness with parents and awareness of Internet policies on Internet Addiction among adolescents in multicultural families in South Korea. Descriptive analyses showed that multicultural adolescents had on average 2.09 points on the whole scale of 15 items, but had on average 2.20 points on the sub-scale of withdrawal symptoms and on average 2.18 points on the sub-scale of tolerance symptoms. Multiple regression analyses revealed that multicultural adolescents' closeness with parents was significantly associated with lower levels of Internet addiction. Also, multicultural adolescents' awareness of Internet policies was also significantly associated with lower levels of Internet addiction. Based on the findings, this study suggested the necessity of providing parent education programs and enhancing awareness of Internet policies to reduce Internet addiction among adolescents in multicultural families.

• Journal of Construction Engineering and Project Management
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.11-17
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• 2011

According to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), many countries around the world have been concerned with reducing Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions. Reducing the level of building energy consumption is particularly important in bringing GHG down. Because of this, many countries including the US and the EU are enforcing energy-related policies. However, these policies are focused on management of single types of buildings such as public buildings and office buildings, instead of management on a national level. Thus, although various policies have been enforced in many countries, $CO_2$ management on a national level is still not an area of focus. Therefore, this study proposed a community-based $CO_2$ management process that allows government-led GHG management. The minimum unit of the community in this study is a plot, and the process consists of three steps. First, the current condition of the GHG emission was identified by plot. Second, based on the identified results, the GHG emission reduction target was distributed per plot by reflecting the weighted value according to (i) the target $CO_2$ reduction in the buildings in the standard year, (ii) region, and (iii) building usage and size. Finally, to achieve the allocated target reduction, building energy management was executed according to the properties of the building located on each plot. It can be expected that the proposed community-based $CO_2$ management process will enable government-level GHG management, through which environment-friendly building construction can be promoted.

• Korea Trade Review
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• v.46 no.3
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• pp.81-97
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• 2021

The purpose of this study is to contribute to the revitalization of the green logistics of Korean companies by presenting the current status and problems of Korean logistics as influenced by government policies. This paper analyzes green logistics from a legal and institutional perspective. Analysis focuses on low-carbon green growth measures and government policy, especially for CO₂ reduction. It considers how policies can be enacted to promote green logistics. This study reports several findings on green logistics in Korea. First, it reports the theoretical considerations of the Republic's green logistics. Second, the study details the current status and problems of green logistics. Third, it considers ways to implement a green economy, green technology, and green transportation, while also considering arguments for avoiding these eco-friendly solutions. Fourth, it argues that revitalization measures are needed to establish an advanced logistics system for eco-friendly green logistics facilities. To achieve this revitalization, Korean logistics should be competitive in the global logistics market. This study may contribute to the expansion of the industrial cooperation of Korean logistics companies by presenting necessary review tasks for governmental green logistics policies, although the issue has long been important to Korean logistics.

• Proceedings of the Safety Management and Science Conference
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• 2009.04a
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• pp.235-242
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• 2009

The positive promotes the company activity of the disabled person from the research which sees hereupon and raises in order to plan the competitive power improvement of the disability firm our country and including observes comparison investigates the current point of disability firm relation policies from the dimension which is synthetic and seeks character does disability firm relation politic types and the disability firm policies of advanced nation and the economic social positions of the disability firm.

• Health Policy and Management
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.50-61
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• 2020

Background: This study aims to analyze the effects of air pollutants, such as particular matter, to the number of outpatient visits for allergic rhinitis in eup, myeon, and dong administrative boundaries. Methods: Dependent variable was the number of outpatient visits for allergic rhinitis per 10,000 people by region. Independent variables were air pollutants such as PM₁₀, PM_2.5, SO₂, O₃, CO₂, NO₂, and temperature that estimated by using Kriging analysis in all eup, myeon, and dong boundaries. Panel analysis was applied for the analysis to prove the relation between outpatient visits and the concentration of air pollutants. Results: Analysis results showed that particular matter concentration varied by regions and season. Panel analysis showed that outpatient visits for allergic rhinitis had positive relationships with PM₁₀, PM_2.5, SO₂, O₃, and CO₂ in all panel models. Conclusion: Regional variation of particular matter concentration should be considered in establishing regional policies for allergic rhinitis.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.9 no.10
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• pp.15-27
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• 2022

Recently, as carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions have increased overall and contributed to air pollution, and awareness of environmental degradation has grown. This study examines the impacts and causalities of economic globalization, economic growth, energy consumption, and capital formation on CO₂ emissions in China over the period 1971-2014. The vector error correction model (VECM) and Granger causality test on time-series data are employed to observe the interactions between CO₂ emission, economic globalization, and various economic factors, including economic growth, energy consumption, and capital formation, since China's early stage of globalization. The empirical results indicate the existence of bidirectional causalities from economic growth, gross capital formation, economic globalization, and CO₂ emission to energy consumption, and bidirectional casualty from energy consumption to CO₂ emission relationships in the short run. The findings of this study suggest that indirect bidirectional causalities from economic growth, economic globalization, and capital formation to CO₂ emission through energy consumption are observed. Moreover, economic globalization accelerates CO₂ emission in the short run but decreases it in the long run. To reduce CO₂ emissions, and to ensure sustainable economic growth and economic globalization progress, some crucial energy-saving and energy-efficiency policies, regulatory rules, and laws are recommended.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.56 no.7
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• pp.2480-2488
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• 2024

Pakistan is a developing country whose maximum amount of mixed energy is provided by electricity, oil, coal, and gas. The study objective is to analyze the six major social factors to describe the significance of nuclear energy and CO₂ emissions at the decisive point coming from income, trade, energy, and urbanization. This study has tried to analyze the impact of different factors (i.e., fossil energy, GDP per capita, overall population, urban population, and merchandise trade) on Pakistan's CO₂ emissions using the extended STRIPAT model from 1986 to 2021. Ridge regression has been applied to analyze the parameters due to the multicollinearity problem in the data. The results show that (i) all the factors show significant results on carbon emissions; (ii) population and energy factors are the huge contributors to raising CO₂ emissions by 0.15% and 0.16%; however, merchandise and GDP per capita are the least contributing factors by 0.12% and 0.13% due to import/export and income level in Pakistan, and (iii) nuclear energy and substitute overall show a prominent and growing impact on CO₂ emissions by 0.16% and 0.15% in Pakistan. Finally, empirical results have wider applications for energy-saving, energy substitution, capital investment, and CO₂ emissions mitigation policies in developing countries. Moreover, by investigating renewable energy technologies and renewable energy sources, insights are provided on future CO₂ emissions reduction.

• Asia Marketing Journal
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.75-97
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• 2013

While good return policies are suggested as one of the critical services for e-commerce, ambivalence between the burden of the cost and shoppers' satisfaction may prevent e-tailers from increasing their level of leniency. Based on the S-O-R model, this study has attempted to develop a grounded theory to explain how lenient return policies shape online shoppers' perceptions and responses, with a focus on cultural influences in the relationship. In order to check the cultural effects of the lenient return policy, thirty two female and eleven male undergraduate students in South Korean shoppers, who are accustomed to strict return policies, participated in the semi-structured interview. A series of open-ended questions were designed to explore consumers' reactions toward four different levels of the lenient return policy: from the strict type in South Korea to the lenient type in the U.S. Using qualitative research methods, this research has defined three types of dimensions of lenient return policy: return possible period, complexity of progress, and other restrictions. While previous researchers did not pay much attention, the last dimension, other restrictions, is shown to be the most significant in influencing online shoppers' perceptions, especially in South Korea. Also, the impacts on online shoppers' perceptions from the three types of sub-dimensions of return policy were somewhat different. Whereas a longer return possible period was considered more favorable, a medium level of complexity and restrictions were considered more desirable. In summary, this result showed that shoppers in Eastern cultures, i.e. South Korean online shoppers, seem favorable to a medium level of lenient return policies, while allowing for taking precautions against possible fraudulent behaviors and setting other restrictions. Therefore, most of retailers in South Korea recommended that e-tailers who adopt the most lenient return policies raise the bar to guard ethical shoppers from fraudulent users. Next, lenient return policies can enhance ease of use, usefulness, affect, and trust while relieving perceived risk, which is connected to intention to purchase, satisfaction, and loyalty. Interestingly, lenient return policies are more likely to change the behavioral responses of online shoppers, such as return and purchase, rather than change their attitudes or beliefs such as image, satisfaction, and loyalty. This tendency can be seen more clearly in the direct influences of return policy on responses. The reaction to lenient return policy is mostly the intention to return or to purchase. This suggests that return policy serves the e-tailers as a powerful tool in increasing online shoppers' purchase intention at the moment of purchase. Therefore, e-tailers who plan to expand their market to eastern countries, including South Korea, have to build a shield of restrictions around their lenient return policy, rather than immediately applying their original liberalized return policy. Also, e-tailers in South Korea need to review their strict and undifferentiated return policies to deal with the unsatisfied reactions of online shoppers toward their normal return policies. Although the present study was confined to the return policies currently being practiced by popular e-tailers, it would be worthwhile to develop effective return policies separately for each country, especially South Korea, keeping the culture of the relevant country in mind.