• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.22 no.9
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• pp.20.1-20.8
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• 2019

Background: Despite the favorable geo-climatic potential of Cameroon, the national production of tilapia remains low due to poor tilapia growth reported by fish farmers. One of the underlying reasons is the early female maturation at a very small size and precocious breeding in earthen ponds, resulting in overpopulation which leads to stunted growth and therefore to the production of unmarketable fish size. Studies have shown that dietary supplementation of G. kola enhanced growth in young Clarias gariepinus and Oreochromis niloticus. It was also reported that G. kola inhibited spawning in Tilapia adult females. Therefore, this study sought to assess the effects of Garcinia kola as growth promoter and inhibitor of gonadal development in young Oreochromis niloticus. Methods: A total of 108 juveniles weighing $13.32{\pm}0.62g$ were randomly distributed in 9 hapas of 12 fishes each (9 females and 3 males) and fed for 70 days with three isonitrogenous diets, 40% crude protein with increasing Garcinia kola supplementation levels of 0 (normal diet), 6% and 10% (experimental diets). Physico-chemical parameters of the water (temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH, nitrate, nitrite, ammonia, and transparency) were measured twice a week. Every 14 days, fish were harvested, counted, and weighed. At the end of the experiment, three fish of each sex per replicate were sacrificed and their gonad and liver collected and weighed. Data were statistically analyzed using one-way analysis of variance repeated measure followed by Newman-Keuls multiple tests. Results: The results showed that all physico-chemical parameters of the water were within the recommended values for Tilapia culture. Tilapia fed 6% Garcinia kola supplemented diet displayed higher final body weight in males ($38.60{\pm}3.50g$) and females ($36.77{\pm}3.62g$) compared to those receiving normal diet ($36.23{\pm}1.36g$ and $25.87{\pm}3.32g$; respectively to the final body weight in males and females). The gonadosomatic index and hepatosomatic index indicated no significant variation in males while in females, these were significantly low in the experimental fish compared to control fish. Conclusion: The results of this study demonstrated that supplementation of G. kola seeds in diets of young Tilapia improved growth performance and impaired gonadal development in females.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.59-63
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• 2002

Swim up fry of the Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus, were fed 0 or 60 mg l7-methyltestos­terone (MT) per kg feed for 30 days. Fish that had been fed 0 or 60 ppm MT for the first 30 days were subsequently fed a commercial diet for 56 weeks to evaluate growth, survival, sex ratio, body composition, gonadosomatic index and the total edible portion. Mean body weight of MT treated group and untreated group were 1.7 g and 1.1 g, respectively at the end of the treatment for 30 days $(P<0.05)$. The experiment was terminated after a total of 60 weeks, the mean body weight of the MT treated population was 1,016 g and that of the untreated population was 762g $(P<0.05)$. However, the final mean body weight of untreated males (l, 086g) was not significantly different from treated males (l,016 g), but the mean body weight of the female group was 512 g. Therefore, the reason for the lower mean body weight of the untreated group was entirely due to stunted females. The percentage fillet yield of MT treated fish$(34.6\%)$ was not significantly different from that of the untreated males $(34.4\%)$, but the untreated females were lower than those of both treated and untreated male groups $(32.4\%)$ (P<0.05). There were no significant differences in the percentage of the all edible portion (AP) between MT treated and untreated males, but females were lower than males. Females are smaller fish in size and the gonads are larger in proportion which were discarded along with the intestine this explains the observed difference. Total biomass of the two groups were 134.8kg and 104.5kg per $m^3$, respectively. The proportion of fish reaching a marketable size of over 800 g in body weight within 14 months were $78\%$ in the MT treated group and $41\%$ in the untreated group.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.35-46
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• 1969

Thirty female and six male rats aged fourty days were divided into two groups in order to feed them by pairfeeding for 50% dietary restriction in the pair group two weeks interval. Each group contains 15 female and three male rats matched each rat between two groups in consideration of body weight. Two female groups, one fed by 50% restricted diet and other Ad Libitum were divided into four groups each by the duration of dietary restriction during pregnancy: First ten days dietary restriction at 50% level, Last ten days dietary restriction at 50% level, Dietary restriction at 50% level for full period, And dietary unrestriction for full period Urinary total nitrogen and creatinine were determined. The birth weights of offsprings were decreased partial and full period dietary restriction of pregnant rats. There was no significant difference in the litter size of progeny due to the maternal diets. The growth was stunted in offsprings from the mothers fed restricted diet at 50% level for full period of pregnancy. No effect in the body weight gain of offsprings was observed in account of partial period of maternal dietary restriction. The urinary nitrogen of offsprings from eight different groups did not show any statistically significant difference.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.51-57
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• 2010

We performed this study to examine lifestyle patterns and dietary behavior based on the level of Internet addiction of Korean adolescents. Data were collected from 853 Korean junior high school students. The level of Internet addiction was determined based on the Korean Internet addiction self-scale short form for youth, and students were classified as high-risk Internet users, potential-risk Internet users, and no risk Internet users. The associations between the students' levels of Internet addiction and lifestyle patterns and dietary behavior were analyzed using a chi-square test. Irregular bedtimes and the use of alcohol and tobacco were higher in high-risk Internet users than no risk Internet users. Moreover, in high-risk Internet users, irregular dietary behavior due to the loss of appetite, a high frequency of skipping meals, and snacking might cause imbalances in nutritional intake. Diet quality in high-risk Internet users was also worse than in potential-risk Internet users and no risk Internet users. We demonstrated in this study that high-risk Internet users have inappropriate dietary behavior and poor diet quality, which could result in stunted growth and development. Therefore, nutrition education targeting high-risk Internet users should be conducted to ensure proper growth and development.

• Journal of Korean Society of Industrial and Systems Engineering
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.22-33
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• 2018

Recently domestic manufacturing companies have been experiencing worsening profitability and stunted growth due to the long-term economic recession and the rapid rise of developing countries such as China and Southeast Asia. These difficulties force many companies to concentrate their core competencies on new value creation and innovation in order to gain momentum for new growth. Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) has been considered as one of viable solutions. Among the various modules in ERP, shop floor control function in the production management module is rather limited. In order to overcome this problem, Manufacturing Execution System (MES) has been used as a subsystem which has a strong information gathering power and flexibility. Both systems interact closely with each other. In particular, ERP requires fast, accurate shop floor information at MES. This paper describes how to synchronize relevant information between ERP and MES with theory of constraints (TOC). The processing time information transmitted from the MES workplace is received at the ERP workplace. In the process, the received processing time is causing information distortion in ERP, when the information gathering standard of MES is different from the ERP information interpretation standard. The Drum-Buffer-Rope theory of TOC was applied to resolve this problem, therefore, information synchronization between both systems was made. As a precondition, the standard time of the upper ERP system was rearranged according to the capacity constraints resource. As a result, standard time restructuring has affected changes in labor costs. Standard labor costs have come close to actual ones, and information synchronization of MES transmission data has improved the reliability of standard product costs, such that it enabled various company-wide restructuring actions to be much more effective.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.49 no.4
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• pp.355-367
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• 2016

Soil salinization refers to the buildup of salts in soil to a level toxic to plants. The major factors that contribute to soil salinity are the quality, the amount and the type of irrigation water used. The presented review discusses the different sources and causes of soil salinity. The effect of soil salinity on biological processes of plants is also discussed in detail. This is followed by a debate on the influence of salt on the nutrient uptake and growth of plants. Salinity decreases the soil osmotic potential and hinders water uptake by the plants. Soil salinity affects the plants K uptake, which plays a critical role in plant metabolism due to the high concentration of soluble sodium ($Na^+$) ions. Visual symptoms that appear in the plants as a result of salinity include stunted plant growth, marginal leaf necrosis and fruit distortions. Different strategies to ameliorate salt stress globally include breeding of salt tolerant cultivars, irrigation to leach excessive salt to improve soil physical and chemical properties. As part of an ecofriendly means to alleviate salt stress and an increasing considerable attention on this area, the review then focuses on the different plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB) mediated mechanisms with a special emphasis on ACC deaminase producing bacteria. The various strategies adopted by PGPB to alleviate various stresses in plants include the production of different osmolytes, stress related phytohormones and production of molecules related to stress signaling such as bacterial 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) derivatives. The use of PGPB with ACC deaminase producing trait could be effective in promoting plant growth in agricultural areas affected by different stresses including salt stress. Finally, the review ends with a discussion on the various PGPB activities and the potentiality of facultative halophilic/halotolerant PGPB in alleviating salt stress.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.11-16
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• 1970

In application of manganese and silica to Akiochi soil, growth of rice plant with potassium was remarkably increased, but the growth without potassium was stunted and the number of the tiller was relatively reduced in comparison with that receiving potassium. The minus potassium plant developed tiny brown spots on the leaves and color of the leaves was dark green. They had smaller leaves and shorter stem while heading advanced. Roots with potassium were long and thick, and new ones developed, while roots without K were very poor, the branch and hair roots very thin, and severe root rot was observed. With minus potassium treatment, the root rot of Jin Heung(commercial variety) was more severe than Nonglim 6(Akiochi resistant). Growth of plant without potassium was very poor, and potassium content of the plant was very low, while nitrogen, phosphorus, silica, iron and manganese contents were higher than potassium supplied plant. Application of $Mn+SiO_2$ to Akiochi soil lowered iron content of plant, and iron content of the plant were also reduced by application of potassium. From the results obtained it can be concluded that root damage of minus potassium plant grown in Akiochi soil supplied $Mn+SiO_2$ was caused by potassium deficiency. Potassium, and $Mn+SiO_2$ applications lowered iron content in the plant grown on Akiochi soil.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.123-131
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• 1999

The nutritional status of 125 preschool children(Female : 56, Male : 69) residing in low income area of Seoul was surveyed. The mean family size was 4.3 and the mean monthly income was 921,000 won which was below the poverty level. Average heights of boys aged 3, 4, 5 and 6 were 98.6cm, 106.1cm, 111.9cm and 116.0cm and those for girls were 99.4cm, 106.4cm, 110.9cm, and 116.0cm, respectively. There was no significant difference between the height of boys and girls. The proportion of children showing stunted growth(<90% of Korean standard of height) was 3.2%. The mean weight of boys for each age group(3, 4, 5, 6) were not significantly differient from that of girls. The proportion of children assessed as moderately underweight (<80-90% of Korean Standard of weight) was 10.4% and 3.2% of children was underweight(<80% of weight standard). The group of children aged 3 were taking adequate energy, whereas the mean energy intake of children aged 4.5 and 6 were within 77.3-78.6% of RDA. The proportion of energy derived from carbohydrate, fat and protein was 60.1%, 24.6% and 15.3%. The high proportion of energy derived from fat seems partly due to high energy intake from fat in the snack. The nutrients which did not meet 75% of the RDA were vitamin A and calcium for children aged 5, and iron for children aged 3 to 5. Carbohydrate intake was positively correlated with the height, weight and girth of chest(P<0.05-P<0.001). There was positive correlation between protein intake and weight, girth of chest and BMI, respectively(P<0.05). Iron intake showed positive relationship with height, weight and BMI(P<0.05).

• Journal of environmental and Sanitary engineering
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.1.2-6
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• 1990

The purpose of this experiment was to investigate boron deficient symptom of sugar beet. Sugar beet affected by boron deficiency was anatomized and observed by microscope and electron microscope. The sugar beet plants affected onboron deficiencyu with water culture and those of the experimental farm alike contained a small amount of boron. The symptom of boron deficiency began to show dark-brown lines at the ventral suface of the basal part of petiole and then, in the ridge of young leaf, growing point became darkened due to necrosis. The leaf blade was wrinked severely and finally the growth was stunted. The boron deficiency began with necrosis of the epidermis of the ventral surface of the basal part of petiole, and parenchyma under it. Necrosis and disintegration of the ridge of young leaf began to take place and were expanded gradually. Electron microscopic examination of boron deficient sugar beet plants revealed that chloroplasts degenerated, and appeared to contain larger amounts of starch, also observed larger number of osmophilic granules. And they peculiarly were found polyhedral crystals in the certain deficient chloroplasts.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.309-316
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• 2006

This is a case report on the occurrence of caprine arthritis-encephalitis (CAE) disease among dairy goats in a local farm located in Yeongdong-gun, Chungbuk. Previously, it was reported that the farm experienced intermittent deaths numbering 15 of the 97 goats raised for 5 months. Most of the goats less than 6 months of age were suffering from ataxia and posterior paresis, body tremor and abnormal head posterior. Affected animals frequently had stunted growth and had a rough coat. Goats more than 6 months of age were affected with an insidious, chronic arthritis characterized by articular swelling ('big knee') of the carpal, hock, and stifle joints. Necropsy revealed severely swollen mesenteric lymph nodes, under- flow of 2-3ml synovial fluid in the articular space and fibrous proliferation of synovial membrane. Histopathological examination showed perivascular accumulations of mononuclear inflammatory cells in the white matter of the brain, proliferative synovitis characterized by villous hypertrophy, synovial cell hyperplasia and infiltration by mononuclear inflammatory cells. Pulmonary lesions consists of patchy interstitial pneumonia with hyperplasia of lymphoid tissues and an extensive mononuclear inflammatory cell infiltration into the alveolar septa. Confirmation by nested PCR involves amplification of a 296 bp (lst PCR) and 184 bp (2nd PCR) fragments corresponding to the gag region of the CAE virus. This is the first time CAE has been reported in a local farm in Korea and emphasizes the importances of developing preventive measures against CAE.