• Archives of design research
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.157-168
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• 1999

Stone in the Cho Sun Dynasty has been used as the material of industry arts, widely building materials and an important material for the artistic design. But it has been generally used as an use of practical living Product like, suban, a metal printing type, a fire place, a pillowcase, a pencil case, etc, and ornament with the quality of stone material and the aesthetic view. There are several problems as like size, quantity, delivery and processing method with the stne material according to its variety and selection. Accordingly it has been studied through the whole process of shape, a material selection of design and processing method as well as studying about small stone crafts which were manufactured in the Cho Sun Dynasty, considering these problems. Stone crafts in Cho Sun Dynasty has been widely used as a living tool. There was some what difference on manufacturing purpose on its technique of folk crafts of stone crafts, but, through the research of collected crafts, they were almost the same that social need, user's taste and hobby in those days were reflected in. In the result of analysis as dividing the stone crafts into daily living product, stationery and tool, the major of daily products have been manufactured with emphasis of practicability. And they have been manufactured from agalmatolite for the propose of use. further, kitchen product had no design due to the function and living products which has been used in the main living room has been carved with the decorative expression of the various form by using intaglic, relieve, inlaid technique, etc. For the stationery, it has been characterized with aesthetic point considering the decorative effects & selection of material in accordance with use. A material for manufacturing has been used in the range of agalmtolite, atopaz, a sapphire, white stone etc. As the result of this research, It was noticeable that there was the spleudidness on the expression of design and carving. It was also noticeable that black stone and guanite have been widely esed because it didn't need the delicacy as a tool.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.27-34
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• 2008

To effectively treat the domestic sewage that was produced on a small-scale in farming and fishing village in order to encourage an ecologically friendly environment, a small-scale sewage treatment apparatus using natural purification methods that consisted of an aerobic and an anaerobic plots were constructed. The efficiency of sewage treatment according to the sewage loading was investigated to obtain the optimum sewage loading in small-scale sewage treatment apparatus. Removal rate of pollutants according to the sewage loading were in the order of $150\;Lm^{-2}day^{-1}{\fallingdotseq}300\;Lm^{-2}day^{-1}>600\;Lm^{-2}day^{-1}$. Therefore, the optimum sewage loading was 300 L m-2 day-1. Under the optimum sewage loading, removal rate of BOD, $COD_{Mn}$, turbidity, T-N and T-P were 99, 94, 99, 49 and 89%, respectively. However, to satisfy the water quality standard in effluent in small-sclae sewage treatment apparatus for domestic sewage treatment, the low removal efficiency of T-N and T-P must be improved. So to improve the removal rate of T-N and T-P, the efficiency of sewage treatment according to the improved sewage treatment process such as, re-treatment at aerobic plot, anaerobic condition of aerobic plot, changing the filter media sizes and the depths in anaerobic plot, and also addition of oyster shells to filter media at anaerobic plot were investigated. In case of 150 cm depth in anaerobic plot with filter medium A (effectivity particle size 1.50 mm) and addition of oyster shells to filter media at anaerobic plot, removal rate of T-N and T-P in both plots were increased by 10 and 3%, and 14 and 7% in comparison with 100 cm depth in anaerobic plot with filter medium B(effectivity particle size 0.95 mm), respectively. The optimum improved sewage treatment process in small-scale sewage treatment apparatus were 150 cm depth in anaerobic plot with filter medium A and addition of oyster shells to filter media at anaerobic plot.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.46 no.2
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• pp.273-282
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• 2004

Composting animal manure is one of feasible treatments that reserves some portion of nutrients of manure. Although the application of compost to arable land has many advantages, the repeated cultivation of the agriculture land will accumulate the level of heavy metals in the soil which is potentially hamful to people and animals. Therefore it is important to know the characteristics concentration and species of heavy metals in a variety of chemical fonns than just total content of the metal. Because the metals in different forms have different mobilities and bioavailabilites. The aim of this study was to examine the total content and the chemical forms of the heavy metals; Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Cd and Pb in the animal manure composted with sawdust or rice hull as a bulking agent. A total of 75 compost samples were collected throughout the country and classified into the three groups in accordance with the characteristics of raw materials: swine manure, poultry manure, and mixed(swine + poultry + cattle)manure. The compost samples were analyzed for total metal content and fractionated by sequential chemical extractions to estimate the quantities of metals: exchangeable, adsorbed, organically bound, carbonate and residual. The results showed that the heavy metal concentrations in all compost samples were lower than the maximum acceptable limits by the Korea Compost Quality Standards. The concentrations of heavy metals in the swine manure compost were higher than those of both the poultry and the mixed manure compost except for Cr. Zn and Cu concentrations of three different compost ranged from 157 to 839 mg Zn/kg DM(dry matter) and from 47 to 458 mg Cu/kg DM, depending on the composition of animal manures. The predominant forms for extracted metals were Cr, Ni, Zn, As and Ph, residual; Cu, organic; and Cd, carbonate. The results suggested that the legal standards for composts should be reexamined to revise the criteria on the total metal content as well as metal speciation.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.50 no.3
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• pp.301-308
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• 2008

DNA variation of MYL2 intron 5 A345G and ADCYAP1R1 intron 2 A337G were investigated for carcass trait association in finished pigs. Three genotypes(two homozygotes and their heterozygote) were found at 10.6% AA, 45.6% AG and 43.8% GG in MYL2 and 60.5% AA, 34.6% AG, and 22.2% GG for ADCYAP1R1. In finished pig population, individuals containing genotype G- of MYL2 had significantly heavier carcass weight by more than 2.4 kg and thicker backfat thickness by more than 1.3 mm than those of AA homozygous pigs(p<0.05). No significant difference was found in other traits tested in this study such as marbling score, meat color, texture, moisture and separation score(p>0.05). The ADCYAP1R1 intron 2 377GG homozygotes showed coarse texture, i.e., meat quality was inferior than those of AG and AA genotypes, and the moisture level of homozygote AA was higher than those of AG and GG genotypes(p<0.05). The other carcass traits were not significantly associated with ADCYAP1R1 genotypes(p>0.05). The genetic polymorphism of MYL2 and ADCYAP1R1 genes affected the carcass traits in finished pig population. Further studies to explain the association between genetic variations and their phenotypic effects including economic traits in pigs are required including critical mutation in both genes through molecular approaches.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.18 no.8
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• pp.367-377
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• 2017

This study examined the effects of the salinity of seafood wastewater on the sulfur denitrification process. An examination of the denitrification efficiency showed that the optimal EBCT was 1hr at an influent T-N concentration of 20mg/L or lower and 2-3hr at an T-N concentration of 30mg/L. An examination of the denitrification efficiency according to the nitrogen load showed that the legal effluent water quality criterion was satisfied when the influent load was maintained within $0.496kg/m^3/day$. On the other hand, the reactor volume increased when this was applied to the site. Therefore, the influent load should be within $0.372kg/m^3/day$ considering the denitrification and economic efficiency. At a load of $0.248{\sim}0.628kg/m^3{\cdot}day$, the k value was $0.0890{\sim}0.5032hr^{-1}$. The batch experimental results according to the $Cl^-$ concentration showed that at an influent nitrogen concentration of 30.0mg/L, the effect of the denitrification efficiency was not large below the salinity of $7,000mgCl^-/L$, but inhibition occurred above $9,000mgCl^-/L$. Calculations of the reaction rate constant according to the $Cl^-$ concentration showed that the reaction rate constant was $0.1049{\sim}0.2324hr^{-1}$ at a raw wastewater concentration of ${\sim}5,000mgCl^-/L$. In contrast, the k value was $0.1588hr^{-1}$ at $7,000mgCl^-/L$ and $0.1049hr^{-1}$ at $9,000mgCl^-/L$.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.50 no.5
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• pp.504-518
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• 2017

Purpose: The objective of this study was to develop a processed foods database (DB) for estimation of processed food intake in the Korean population using data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Survey (KNHANES). Methods: Analytical values of processed foods were collected from food composition tables of national institutions (Development Institute, Rural Development Administration), the US Department of Agriculture, and previously reported scientific journals. Missing or unavailable values were substituted, calculated, or imputed. The nutrient data covered 14 nutrients, including energy, protein, carbohydrates, fat, calcium, phosphorus, iron, sodium, potassium, vitamin A, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, and vitamin C. The processed food DB covered a total of 4,858 food items used in the KNHANES. Each analytical value per food item was selected systematically based on the priority criteria of data sources. Results: Level 0 DB was developed based on a list of 8,785 registered processed foods with recipes of ready-to-eat processed foods, one food composition table published by the national institution, and nutrition facts obtained directly from manufacturers or indirectly via web search. Level 1 DB included information of 14 nutrients, and missing or unavailable values were substituted, calculated, or imputed at level 2. Level 3 DB evaluated the newly constructed nutrient DB for processed foods using the 2013 KNHANES. Mean intakes of total food and processed food were 1,551.4 g (males 1,761.8 g, females 1,340.8 g) and 129.4 g (males 169.9 g, females 88.8 g), respectively. Processed foods contributed to nutrient intakes from 5.0% (fiber) to 12.3% (protein) in the Korean population. Conclusion: The newly developed nutrient DB for processed foods contributes to accurate estimation of nutrient intakes in the Korean population. Consistent and regular update and quality control of the DB is needed to obtain accurate estimation of usual intakes using data from the KNHANES.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.160-165
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• 1979

This study was carried out to investigate effects of iron content on the quality of soy sauce, bean paste and red pepper paste, and to elucidate the origin of iron and change of the contents during production processes. For the first step, the iron contents in commercial soy sauce and changes of the contents during brewing process were determined. The results obtained were as follows. 1, Iron contents of raw materials were 108 ppm in soy bean, 133ppm in defatted soy bean, 79 ppm in wheat, 5 ppm in sodium chloride, 58 ppm in seed koji, 300-2000 ppm in spore of Aspergillus oryzae, 240 ppm in wheat gluten, 20 ppm in sodium carbonate (above figures were of dry weight basis), 6 ppm in hydrochloric acid, 18 ppm in caramel and 0.3ppm in brewing water respectively. 2, Iron contents in koji were 200-240 ppm (as dry weight basis) and increased, more or less, in progress of koji-making period. 3. Iron contents in the mashes during fermentation were 40 rpm after 1 month, 43-47 ppm after 3 months and 49-62ppm after 6 months. 4. In chemical soy sauce, the iron content was 159 ppm after hydrolysis of wheat gluten with hydrochloric acid, and 184 ppm after neutralization. 5. Higher iron contents were detected both in fermented and chemical soy sauce when the concentration of total nitrogen increased, but the levels were higher in chemical soy sauce than in fermented one at the same concentration of total nitrogen. 6. In the case of fermented soy sauce, the iron content in the filtrate was decreased by press-filtration, but no significant change was found between before and after heat-sterilization. 7. Iron contents in commercial soy sauce were varied with the producers, however, the average value was 62.7 ppm as calculated as 1.0 percent of total nitrogen. And the average level of iron in home-made soy sauce produced by conventional method was 37.68 ppm.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.46 no.4
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• pp.76-83
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• 2018

The purpose of this study is to analyze people who applied for and passed engineer landscape architecture examination that had been conducted from 2007 to 2016, the test frequency and trends by the question types in the landscape structure construction and management area, and the test tendencies and features by question types, and thereby to find the test trends for landscape structure construction and management in engineer landscape architecture examination. the analysis results are presented as follows: The people who applied for and passed engineer landscape architecture examinations that had been conducted from 2007 to 2016 were analyzed. as a result, the numbers of applicants and those who passed the examination have been on the decrease from 2011 and from 2012, respectively. the 10-year average rate of successful applicants for engineer landscape architecture examination was 11.2%. The test frequency and trends by the question types in the landscape structure construction area, and the test tendencies and features were analyzed. as a result, based on the key words in the seven categories (construction plan & process management, landscape materials, landscape planting foundation, work classification based construction, landscape estimation, basic structural mechanics, and survey), the questions about work classification based construction accounted for the largest, or 25.2%, and the questions about landscape planting foundation accounted for 3.3%. therefore, landscape planting foundation had lower test frequency and was less important than other categories. The test frequency and trends by the question types in the landscape management area, and the test tendencies and features were analyzed. as a result, based on the key words in the nine categories (operation and use & maintenance, pruning management, fertilization management, weed management, irrigation and drainage management, wintering management, pest management, and lawn management, and landscape facility management), the questions about operation and use & maintenance accounted for the largest, or 37.2%, and the numbers of the questions about fertilization management and irrigation & drainage management and of the questions about waterscape facility of landscape facility management have been on the increase from 2011 and from 2015, respectively. According to the analysis on the test tendencies for landscape structure construction and management areas in the examination there have been questions in a wide range and variety of categories. in terms of the landscape structure construction area, the frequency of questions in work classification based construction, landscape materials, and excellent quality in terms of the landscape management area, the frequency of questions in fertilization management, irrigation & drainage management, and waterscape facility of landscape facility management tends to increase because of environmental factors like climate change.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.7 no.5
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• pp.982-991
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• 2006

The screen quota system is one of the most controversial issues in the Korean film industry. There are two different points of view regarding the system. Some say it is highly effective to protect and nurture Korean movies. However, others argue that it hurts the duality of the Korean movies. The number of days, for which Korean movies have to play on local screens, has been reduced to 73, starting on July 1st, 2006. Actually, it is 50 percent fewer than the previous year. In facL Korea has implemented the screen quota. system two times. First, it was practiced from 1935 to 1945, during the Japanese colonial period. This was to regulate imported movies, especially American ones, as the Japanese government was to use movies for the political propaganda. In 1935, the number of foreign movies screened had to be less than three fourths of the total. And they gradually reduced the size by two thirds in 1936, and again by half in 1937. After the attack on Pearl Harbor when the Pacific War happened, Japan completely banned importing American movies in Korea. The reason why it regulated the imported foreign films is to increase the number of domestic movies, both Japanese and Korean. It was for making propaganda films fur carrying the war. The second practice of the screen quota is from 1967 to the present year. It was designed to boom the Korean film industry. However, the competitive power of Korean films has not been improved in spite of the practice of the system. Moreover, the film industry has gone through the depression. Korean film agencies have occupied the Korean film market thanks to the protection by government. The founding of the film agencies has been strongly regulated. So has importing foreign movies. Under the special protection like this, Korean film agencies have been enjoying the monopoly In the mean time, they have pursued income not by making quality movies but by importing foreign movies. As a result, cinema audiences turn away form Korean films and prefer foreign movies. Furthermore, the screen quota system hurts the relationship between film producers and distributors, imposing the duties only on theaters. In short, the screen quota system has satisfied neither film producers, theater runners, nor film goers. In other words. the excessive protection has weakened the competitive power of Korean film industry.

• Journal of radiological science and technology
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.567-573
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• 2017

The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether or not there was artifact when the upper limb could not be lifted to the top of the head during multi-detector computed tomography(MDCT) scans of the chest and abdomen. Contrast radiography of the human and chest phantom was performed with 128channal MDCT. Under the same conditions(120 kVp, 110 mAs, standard algorithm)both hands lifted up and put down each time in the human experiment. In the chest phantom experiment, the radiography was carried out when the upper limb phantom was adjusted at a certain distance(0, 3, 7 cm) from the chest phantom. Subsequently, the values of Noise, CT number, SNR, and CNR were measured in the field of concern. The noise value of fat, rib, and muscle increased when the arm was lifted in humans(0.79, 47.8, 27%). Furthermore, when the upper limb was lowered, the noise value of muscle and lung increased in the phantom(31.2, 9.4%). In addition, the noise value of the muscles and lung decreased by 5, 25.12% and 5.6, 15.35% as the upper limb moved about 0,3,7cm away from the chest. When the chest and abdominal radiography were performed, in the case of the presence of other parts outside the inspection area, the probability of artifact was minimal while the distance was more than 3cm away from the upper limb to the chest and abdomen.