• Proceedings of the Korea Concrete Institute Conference
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• 2005.11a
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• pp.271-274
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• 2005

Existing strut-and-tie model cannot be applied to analysis of slender beams without shear reinforcement because shear transfer mechanism is not formed. In the present study, a new strut-and-tie model with rigid joint was developed. Basically, concrete strut is modeled as a frame element which can transfer shear force (or moment) as well as axial force. Employing Rankine failure criterion, failure strength due to shear-tension and shear-compression developed in compressive concrete strut was defined. For verification, various test specimens were analyzed and the results were compared with tests. The proposed strut-and-tie model predicted shear strength and failure displacement with reasonable precision, addressing the design parameters such as shear reinforcement, concrete compressive strength, and shear span ratio.

• International Journal of Concrete Structures and Materials
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.255-266
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• 2015

A strut-and-tie based method intended for determining the load-carrying capacity of reinforced concrete (RC) corbels is presented in this paper. In addition to the normal strut-and-tie force equilibrium requirements, the proposed model is based on secant stiffness formulation, incorporating strain compatibility and constitutive laws of cracked RC. The proposed method evaluates the load-carrying capacity as limited by the failure modes associated with nodal crushing, yielding of the longitudinal principal reinforcement, as well as crushing or splitting of the diagonal strut. Load-carrying capacity predictions obtained from the proposed analysis method are in a better agreement with corbel test results of a comprehensive database, comprising 455 test results, compiled from the available literature, than other existing models for corbels. This method is illustrated to provide more accurate estimates of behaviour and capacity than the shear-friction based approach implemented by the ACI 318-11, the strut-and-tie provisions in different codes (American, Australian, Canadian, Eurocode and New Zealand).

• Proceedings of the Computational Structural Engineering Institute Conference
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• 2002.10a
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• pp.295-302
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• 2002

This paper introduces a method to determine strut-tie models in reinforced concrete (RC) structures using the evolutionary structural optimization (ESO). Even though strut-tie models are broadly adapted in design of reinforced concrete members subjected to shear and torsion, conventional methods can hardly give correct models in RC members subjected to complex loadings and geometry conditions. In this paper, the basic idea of the ESO method is used to determine more rational strut-tie models. Since an optimum topology of structures, finally obtained by the ESO method, usually represents a truss-like structure, the ESO method can effectively be used in finding the best strut-tie model in RC structures. Several example structures are provided to demonstrate the capability of the proposed method in finding the best strut-tie model of each RC structure and to verify its efficiency in application to real design problems.

• Proceedings of the KSR Conference
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• 1998.11a
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• pp.39-46
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• 1998

This paper is about design for diaphragm of prestressed concrete box bridge using strut-tie model. In this paper, equivalent loads for the diaphragm are computed by considering loading conditions on continuous prestressed concrete box bridge and analyses for both longitudinal section and transverse section of the diaphragm an done by considering the equivalent loading and the prestressing. Based on principal stress trajectory obtained from the analyses, strut-tie model for each sections are constructed. By analyzing the constructed strut-tie model for each sections, the amounts and the locations of reinforcement for the diaphragm are obtained. The application of strut-tie model in this paper shows that the design by soul-tie model for the diaphragm of prestressed concrete box bridges can be rationally performed.

• Proceedings of the Korea Concrete Institute Conference
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• 2001.11a
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• pp.453-458
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• 2001

This paper presents the procedure to find the hysteresis loop of RC member using a modified strut-and-tie model. The forces and displacements at critical points, that are initial yielding point, target displacement point, unloading elastic limit, and reloading point after pinching, are investigated with the strut-and-tie models. Using bond-slip relationship, the elastic behavior of tie element is determined. The plastic flow behavior after flexural yielding is expressed by changing the location of longitudinal strut. Determination of pinching effect completes the initial hysteresis loop, assuming that the behavior of the opposite direction is symmetrical form.

• Proceedings of the Korea Concrete Institute Conference
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• 1995.04a
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• pp.251-256
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• 1995

This paper presents an evaluation of the strength and behavior of a tested simply supported rectangular reinforced eoncrete beam and a design example of a shear wall using two-dimensional strut-tie model with finite element nonlinear analysis. Strut-tie models reflecting the actual support and loading conditions are developed for the beam and shear wall. The strut-tie model not only provides simple solutions for large number of design situations dealing with the entire range of concrete structures which appear to be rather complicated but also predicts the behavior and strength of concrete members.

• Proceedings of the Korea Concrete Institute Conference
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• 2000.10a
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• pp.235-240
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• 2000

Although dapped-end beams are widely used in bridge and building structures, there are not any specific and reasonable design regulations on dapped-end beams. In this study, the validity of the suggested experimental and empirical design methods, conventional strut-tie model approach, and nonlinear strut-tie model approach is evaluated through the analysis of dapped-end beams tested to failure. The nonlinear strut-tie model approach proved to be the most suitable method for dapper-end beam design.

• Computers and Concrete
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.19-40
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• 2014

Reinforced concrete deep beams are structural beams with low shear span-to-depth ratio, and hence in which the strain distribution is significantly nonlinear and the conventional beam theory is not applicable. A strut-and-tie model is considered one of the most rational and simplest methods available for shear strength prediction and design of deep beams. The strut-and-tie model approach describes the shear failure of a deep beam using diagonal strut and truss mechanism: The diagonal strut mechanism represents compression stress fields that develop in the concrete web between diagonal cracks of the concrete while the truss mechanism accounts for the contributions of the horizontal and vertical web reinforcements. Based on a database of 406 experimental observations, this paper proposes a new strut-and-tie-model for accurate prediction of shear strength of reinforced concrete deep beams, and further improves the model by correcting the bias and quantifying the scatter using a Bayesian parameter estimation method. Seven existing deterministic models from design codes and the literature are compared with the proposed method. Finally, a limit-state design formula and the corresponding reduction factor are developed for the proposed strut-andtie model.

• Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.345-356
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• 2008

In the previous study, direct inelastic strut-and-tie model (DISTM) was developed to perform inelastic design of reinforced concrete members by using linear analysis for their secant stiffness. In the present study, for convenience in design practice, the DISTM was further simplified so that inelastic design of reinforced concrete members can be performed by a run of linear analysis, without using iterative calculations. In the simplified direct inelastic strut-and-tie model (S-DISTM), a reinforced concrete member is idealized with compression strut of concrete and tension tie of reinforcing bars. For the strut and tie elements, elastic stiffness or secant stiffness is used according to the design strategy intended by engineer. To define the failure criteria of the strut and tie elements, concrete crushing and reinforcing bar fracture were considered. The proposed method was applied to inelastic design of various reinforced concrete members including deep beam, coupling beam, and shear wall. The design results were compared with the properties and the deformation capacities of the test specimens.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• v.44 no.2
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• pp.163-178
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• 2012

A strut-and-tie model is introduced in this paper to predict the ultimate shear strength of non-seismically detailed columns. The validity and applicability of the proposed strut-and-tie model are evaluated by comparison with available experimental data. The model was developed based on visible crack patterns observed on the test specimens. The concrete contribution is integrated into the strut-and-tie model through a concept of equivalent transverse reinforcement. To further validate the model a full-scale non-seismically detailed reinforced concrete column was tested to investigate its seismic behavior. The specimen was tested under the combination of a constant axial load, $0.30f_c{^{\prime}}A_g$ and quasi-static cyclic loadings simulating earthquake actions. Quasi-static cyclic loadings simulating earthquake actions were applied to the specimen until it could not sustain the applied axial load. The analytical results reveal that the strut-and-tie method is capable of modeling to a satisfactory accuracy the ultimate shear strength of non-seismically detailed columns subjected to reserved cyclic loadings.