• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.385-403
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• 2011

Continuous deep girders which transmit the gravity load from the upper wall to the lower columns have frequently long end shear spans between the boundary of the upper wall and the face of the lower column. This paper presents the results of tests and analyses performed on three 1:2.5 scale specimens with long end shear spans, (the ratios of shear-span/total depth: 1.8 < a/h < 2.5): one designed by the conventional approach using the beam theory and two by the strut-and-tie approach. The conclusions are as follows: (1) the yielding strength of the continuous RC deep girders is controlled by the tensile yielding of the bottom longitudinal reinforcements, being much larger than the nominal strength predicted by using the section analysis of the girder section only or using the strut-and-tie model based on elastic-analysis stress distribution. (2) The ultimate strengths are 22% to 26% larger than the yielding strength. This additional strength derives from the strain hardening of yielded reinforcements and the shear resistance due to continuity with the adjacent span. (3) The pattern of shear force flow and failure mode in shear zone varies depending on the amount of vertical shear reinforcement. And (4) it is necessary to take into account the existence of the upper wall in the analysis and design of the deep continuous transfer girders that support the upper wall with a long end shear span.

• Earthquakes and Structures
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• v.8 no.5
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• pp.1147-1170
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• 2015

In this paper, the behavior of underground strutted retaining structure under seismic condition in non-liquefiable dry cohesionless soil is analyzed numerically. The numerical model is validated against the published results obtained from a study on embedded cantilever retaining wall under seismic condition. The validated model is used to investigate the difference between the static and seismic response of the structure in terms of four design parameters, e.g., support member or strut force, wall moment, lateral wall deflection and ground surface displacement. It is found that among the different design parameters, the one which is mostly affected by the earthquake force is wall deflection and the least affected is the strut force. To get the best possible results under seismic condition, the embedment depth of the wall and thickness of the wall can be chosen as around 100% and 6% of the depth of final excavation level, respectively. The stiffness of the strut may also be chosen as $5{\times}105kN/m/m$ to achieve best possible performance under seismic condition.

• Computers and Concrete
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.357-372
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• 2015

This study reports the test results of twelve reinforced concrete deep beams. The deep beams were tested with loads applied through and supported by columns. The main variables studied were the shear span-to-depth ratios, and the horizontal and vertical stirrups. The shear strengths can be effectively enhanced for deep beams reinforced with both horizontal and vertical stirrups. The test results indicate the shear strengths of deep beams increase with the decrease of the shear span-to-depth ratios. The normalized shear strengths of the deep beams did not increase proportionally with an increase in effective depth. An analytical method for predicting the shear strengths of deep beams is proposed in this study. The shear strengths predicted by the proposed method and the strut-and-tie model of the ACI Code are compared with available test results. The comparison shows the proposed method can predict the shear strengths of reinforced concrete deep beams more accurately than the strut-and-tie model of the ACI Code.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.28 no.2A
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• pp.259-267
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• 2008

The ultimate strengths of reinforced concrete deep beams are governed by the capacity of the shear resistance mechanism composed of concrete and shear reinforcing bars, and the structural behaviors of the beams are mainly controlled by the mechanical relationships according to the shear span-to-effective depth ratio, flexural reinforcement ratio, load and support conditions, and material properties. In this study, a simple indeterminate strut-tie model reflecting all characteristics of the ultimate strengths and complicated structural behaviors is presented for the design of simply supported reinforced concrete deep beams. In addition, a load distribution ratio, defined as a magnitude of load transferred by a vertical truss mechanism, is proposed to help structural designers perform the design of simply supported reinforced concrete deep beams by using the strut-tie model approaches of current design codes. In the determination of a load distribution ratio, a concept of balanced shear reinforcement ratio requiring a simultaneous failure of inclined concrete strut and vertical steel tie is introduced to ensure the ductile shear failure of reinforced concrete deep beams, and the prime design variables including the shear span-to-effective depth ratio, flexural reinforcement ratio, and compressive strength of concrete influencing the ultimate strength and behavior are reflected upon based on various and numerous numerical analysis results. In the companion paper, the validity of presented model and load distribution ratio was examined by employing them to the evaluation of the ultimate strengths of various simply supported reinforced concrete deep beams tested to failure.

• Magazine of the Korea Concrete Institute
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.82-88
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• 1995

• Construction Engineering and Management
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.21-26
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• 2008

• Magazine of the Korea Concrete Institute
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• v.15 no.6
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• pp.30-38
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• 2003

• Magazine of the Korea Concrete Institute
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• v.8 no.5
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• pp.45-51
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• 1996

• Proceedings of the Korea Concrete Institute Conference
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• 2006.05a
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• pp.454-457
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• 2006

This study presents a strut-and-tie model for the development of headed bars in an exterior beam-column joint with transverse reinforcements. The tensile force of a headed bar is considered to be developed by head bearing together with bond along a bonded length as a partial embedment length. The model requires construction of struts with biaxially compressed nodal zones for head bearing and fan-shaped stress fields against neighboring nodal zones for bond stresses along the bonded length. Due to the existence of transverse reinforcements, the fan-shaped stress fields are divided into direct and indirect fan-shaped stress fields. A required development length and head size of a headed bar can be optimally designed by adjusting a proportion between a bond contribution and bearing contribution.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.2406-2413
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• 2014

Since clear span-to-depth ratio is used to define what is so called a deep beam, it is an important parameter ratio for study about deep beam. Deep beams can be designed by flexure design method, and shear provided by concrete ($v_c$) and by steel ($v_s$) for deep flexure members are provided in ACI 318-99 [1]. But in later version of ACI (from ACI 318-02) it is not provided and deep beams shall be designed either by taking into account nonlinear distribution of strain or by Appendix A of Strut-and-Tie Models (STM). The trend of deep beam design seems to be familiar with strut-and-tie model, but ACI traditional design is not forgotten. By comparing these two method, there should a point which definitely explain the different between the two methods. In this study, 68 samples result of steel, after reinforcement arrangement, are taken to be analyzed.