• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.35-42
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• 2008

Purpose: Alterations in the structure and function of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) are important in cardiovascular disease and maintaining chronic hypertension. Chronic hypertension is associated with changes in vascular smooth muscle tone. The spontaneous or myogenic tone of a blood vessel reflects the ability to adapt smooth muscle tone to changes in transmural pressure. However, the intracellular signaling mechanisms involved in myogenic tone are not fully understood. Methods: Here, we investigated the relationship between mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI3K) in isometric contraction and enzymatic activity using muscle strips from rats made hypertensive with aldosterone-analogue deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA) salts. Results: Changes in myogenic tone and intracellular $Ca^{2+}$ concentration ($[Ca^{2+}]_i$) were different after physiological salt solution (PSS) in normotensive and hypertensive rats. The myogenic tone and quiescent phosphorylation induced by the PSS treatment were inhibited by 10 ${\mu}$M PD098059, an extracellular-regulated protein kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) inhibitor, and 10 ${\mu}$M wortmannin, an inhibitor of PI3K, in hypertensive rats. Conclusion: The development of DOCA-induced hypertension is associated with altered isometric contractions and $[Ca^{2+}]_i$ via changes in activation of ERK1/2 and PI3K after DOCA-salt treatment. Therefore, ERK1/2 and PI3K activity affect hypertension and may be suitable targets for physical therapy in cardiovascular disease.

• Polymer(Korea)
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.468-476
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• 2002

Oxy-PAN fiber prepared from the preoxidation and saponification of raw PAN fiber is known to elongate and contract when immersed in basic and acidic solutions, respectively. In this study, about 30% elongation in NaOH solution and 30∼50% contraction in HCl solution have been observed. In mechanical test, the mechanical properties of oxy-PAN fiber in the contracted state was stronger than that in the elongated state. These behaviors and mechanical properties are compared to those of living muscle and linear actuator. The change of length in NaOH and HCl solutions is due to switching between a hydrophilic and a hydrophobic structure. Other reasons are exchange of ion and water in/out of oxy-PAN fiber, and osmotic pressure difference associated with relevant ions. Much studies are needed to clarify the effective factors on but the oxy-PAN fiber's elongation/contraction behavior and mechanical properties, but the oxy-PAN fiber perpared in our laboratory has a sufficient potential for application as artificial muscle and linear actuator.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.125-129
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• 2011

The aim was to determine the relationship between muscle structure and meat quality traits in neuromuscular compartments (NMCs: R1, R2, R3, R4) of pig semitendinosus muscle. Barrows from the INTA-MGC genetic line (Argentina) were slaughtered at 100 kg body weight. In each NMC the following parameters were determined: the fibre types I, IIA, IIX and IIB by immunohistochemistry, the fibre cross sectional area (FCSA), the pH of meat after 24 h post-mortem ($pH_{24}$), instrumental meat tenderness (WB) and colour ($L^*$, $a^*$, $b^*$). There were significant differences in the following: $L^*$ (R1 = R4$a^*$ (R1>R4>R2 = R3), $b^*$ (R1 = R4R1 = R3 = R4), $pH_{24}$ (R1 = R4>R2 = R3). The relative percentages of FCSA were as follows: I (R4>R1>R3>R2), IIA (R1>R4>R3>R2), IIX (R1 = R2 = R3 = R4) and IIB (R2>R3>R1>R4). The correlation values were statistically significant between IIB and WB (R1 and R4, $r_s$ = 0.66), (R2 and R3 $r_s$ = 0.74), IIB and $L^*$ (R1 and R4 $r_s$ = 0.84), IIX and $L^*$ without discriminating NMCs. Our data suggest that the NMC where the sampling takes place is important for determining meat quality traits because of the heterogeneity of the whole muscle.

• Journal of Pharmacopuncture
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.57-64
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• 2004

This study was carried to identify the component of Small Intestine Meridian Muscle in human, dividing the regional muscle group into outer, middle, and inner layer. the inner part of body surface were opened widely to demonstrate muscles, nerve, blood vessels and the others, displaying the inner structure of Small Intestine Meridian Muscle. We obtained the results as follows; 1. Small Intestine Meridian Muscle is composed of the muscle, nerve and blood vessels. 2. In human anatomy, it is present the difference between a term of nerve or blood vessels which control the muscle of Meridian Muscle and those which pass near by Meridian Muscle. 3. The inner composition of meridian muscle in human arm is as follows ; 1) Muscle ; Abd. digiti minimi muscle(SI-2, 3, 4), pisometacarpal lig.(SI-4), ext. retinaculum. ext. carpi ulnaris m. tendon.(SI-5, 6), ulnar collateral lig.(SI-5), ext. digiti minimi m. tendon(SI-6), ext. carpi ulnaris(SI-7), triceps brachii(SI-9), teres major(SI-9), deltoid(SI-10), infraspinatus(SI-10, 11), trapezius(Sl-12, 13, 14, 15), supraspinatus(SI-12, 13), lesser rhomboid(SI-14), erector spinae(SI-14, 15), levator scapular(SI-15), sternocleidomastoid(SI-16, 17), splenius capitis(SI-16), semispinalis capitis(SI-16), digasuicus(SI-17), zygomaticus major(Il-18), masseter(SI-18), auriculoris anterior(SI-19) 2) Nerve ; Dorsal branch of ulnar nerve(SI-1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6), br. of mod. antebrachial cutaneous n.(SI-6, 7), br. of post. antebrachial cutaneous n.(SI-6,7), br. of radial n.(SI-7), ulnar n.(SI-8), br. of axillary n.(SI-9), radial n.(SI-9), subscapular n. br.(SI-9), cutaneous n. br. from C7, 8(SI-10, 14), suprascapular n.(SI-10, 11, 12, 13), intercostal n. br. from T2(SI-11), lat. supraclavicular n. br.(SI-12), intercostal n. br. from C8, T1(SI-12), accessory n. br.(SI-12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17), intercostal n. br. from T1,2(SI-13), dorsal scapular n.(SI-14, 15), cutaneous n. br. from C6, C7(SI-15), transverse cervical n.(SI-16), lesser occipital n. & great auricular n. from cervical plexus(SI-16), cervical n. from C2,3(SI-16), fascial n. br.(SI-17), great auricular n. br.(SI-17), cervical n. br. from C2(SI-17), vagus n.(SI-17),hypoglossal n.(SI-17), glossopharyngeal n.(SI-17), sympathetic trunk(SI-17), zygomatic br. of fascial n.(SI-18), maxillary n. br.(SI-18), auriculotemporal n.(SI-19), temporal br. of fascial n.(SI-19) 3) Blood vessels ; Dorsal digital vein.(SI-1), dorsal br. of proper palmar digital artery(SI-1), br. of dorsal metacarpal a. & v.(SI-2, 3, 4), dorsal carpal br. of ulnar a.(SI-4, 5), post. interosseous a. br.(SI-6,7), post. ulnar recurrent a.(SI-8), circuirflex scapular a.(SI-9, 11) , post. circumflex humeral a. br.(SI-10), suprascapular a.(SI-10, 11, 12, 13), first intercostal a. br.(SI-12, 14), transverse cervical a. br.(SI-12,13,14,15), second intercostal a. br.(SI-13), dorsal scapular a. br.(SI-13, 14, 15), ext. jugular v.(SI-16, 17), occipital a. br.(SI-16), Ext. jugular v. br.(SI-17), post. auricular a.(SI-17), int. jugular v.(SI-17), int. carotid a.(SI-17), transverse fascial a. & v.(SI-18),maxillary a. br.(SI-18), superficial temporal a. & v.(SI-19).

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.65-75
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• 2003

This study was carried to identify the component of Spleen Meridian Muscle in human, dividing into outer, middle, and inner part. Lower extremity and trunk were opened widely to demonstrate muscles, nerve, blood vessels and the others, displaying the inner structure of Spleen Meridian Muscle. We obtained the results as follows; 1. Spleen Meridian Muscle is composed of the muscle, nerve and blood vessels. 2. In human anatomy, it is present the difference between a term of nerve or blood vessels which control the muscle of Meridian Muscle and those which pass near by Meridian Muscle. 3. The inner composition of meridian muscle in human arm is as follows ; 1) Muscle; ext. hallucis longus tend., flex. hallucis longus tend.(Sp-1), abd. hallucis tend., flex. hallucis brevis tend., flex. hallucis longus tend.(Sp-2, 3), ant. tibial m. tend., abd. hallucis, flex. hallucis longus tend.(Sp-4), flex. retinaculum, ant. tibiotalar lig.(Sp-5), flex. digitorum longus m., tibialis post. m.(Sp-6), soleus m., flex. digitorum longus m., tibialis post. m.(Sp-7, 8), gastrocnemius m., soleus m.(Sp-9), vastus medialis m.(Sp-10), sartorius m., vastus medialis m., add. longus m.(Sp-11), inguinal lig., iliopsoas m.(Sp-12), ext. abdominal oblique m. aponeurosis, int. abd. ob. m., transversus abd. m.(Sp-13, 14, 15, 16), ant. serratus m., intercostalis m.(Sp-17), pectoralis major m., pectoralis minor m., intercostalis m.(Sp-18, 19, 20), ant. serratus m., intercostalis m.(Sp-21) 2) Nerve; deep peroneal n. br.(Sp-1), med. plantar br. of post. tibial n.(Sp-2, 3, 4), saphenous n., deep peroneal n. br.(Sp-5), sural cutan. n., tibial. n.(Sp-6, 7, 8), tibial. n.(Sp-9), saphenous br. of femoral n.(Sp-10, 11), femoral n.(Sp-12), subcostal n. cut. br., iliohypogastric n., genitofemoral. n.(Sp-13), 11th. intercostal n. and its cut. br.(Sp-14), 10th. intercostal n. and its cut. br.(Sp-15), long thoracic n. br., 8th. intercostal n. and its cut. br.(Sp-16), long thoracic n. br., 5th. intercostal n. and its cut. br.(Sp-17), long thoracic n. br., 4th. intercostal n. and its cut. br.(Sp-18), long thoracic n. br., 3th. intercostal n. and its cut. br.(Sp-19), long thoracic n. br., 2th. intercostal n. and its cut. br.(Sp-20), long thoracic n. br., 6th. intercostal n. and its cut. br.(Sp-21) 3) Blood vessels; digital a. br. of dorsalis pedis a., post. tibial a. br.(Sp-1), med. plantar br. of post. tibial a.(Sp-2, 3, 4), saphenous vein, Ant. Med. malleolar a.(Sp-5), small saphenous v. br., post. tibial a.(Sp-6, 7), small saphenous v. br., post. tibial a., peroneal a.(Sp-8), post. tibial a.(Sp-9), long saphenose v. br., saphenous br. of femoral a.(Sp-10), deep femoral a. br.(Sp-11), femoral a.(Sp-12), supf. thoracoepigastric v., musculophrenic a.(Sp-16), thoracoepigastric v., lat. thoracic a. and v., 5th epigastric v., deep circumflex iliac a.(Sp-13, 14), supf. epigastric v., subcostal a., lumbar a.(Sp-15), intercostal a. v.(Sp-17), lat. thoracic a. and v., 4th intercostal a. v.(Sp-18), lat. thoracic a. and v., 3th intercostal a. v., axillary v. br.(Sp-19), lat. thoracic a. and v., 2th intercostal a. v., axillary v. br.(Sp-20), thoracoepigastric v., subscapular a. br., 6th intercostal a. v.(Sp-21)

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.165-172
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• 1995

A transmission electron microscopic study was performed on the ultrastructure of the tegumental layer of GymophoLloines seoi (Digenea: Gymnophallidae) metacercarlae and adults. The metacercariae were obtained from naturally infected oysters, Crcssosoea gigas, and the adults from experimentally infected C3H mice. The tegumental layer generally revealed a small number of foldings, numerous small vacuoles, sines, and muscle bundles. Beneath the muscle layer, nuclei of the tegumental cells were located. There was little difference in the structure of the tegument between the metacercariae and adults. The oral sucker, having well-developed muscle layers, showed a similar structure to the ventral sucker except numerous foldlngs in the ventral sucker. The ventral pit was surrounded by a thin spcpiu layer, where a number of microtubules and mitochondria were seen. Around the ventral pit located well-developed circular and longitudinal muscles. The results showed that the ultrastructure of the tegumental layer of G. seoi metacercariae and adults revealed little difference from other trematodes in general. The ventral pit, a peculiar structure of this trematode, seems to function as a sphincter or an accessory adhesive organ.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.28 no.12
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• pp.1767-1773
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• 2015

Effects of water-misting sprays with forced ventilation after transport during summer on meat quality, stress parameters, glycolytic potential and microstructures of muscle in broilers were investigated. A total of 105 mixed-sex Arbor Acres broilers were divided into three treatment groups: i) 45-min transport without rest (T group), ii) 45-min transport with 1-h rest (TR group), iii) 45-min transport with 15-min water-misting sprays with forced ventilation and 45-min rest (TWFR group). The results showed the TWFR group significantly increased (p<0.05) initial muscle pH ($pH_i$) and ultimate pH ($pH_u$) and significantly reduced $L^*$ (p<0.05), drip loss, cook loss, creatine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase activity, plasma glucose content, lactate and glycolytic potential when compared with other groups. Microstructure of the muscle from TWFR group broilers under light microscopy showed smaller intercellular spaces among muscle fibers and bundles compared with T group. In conclusion this study indicated water-misting sprays with forced ventilation after transport could relieve the stress caused by transport under high temperature, which was favorable for the broilers' welfare. Furthermore, water-misting sprays with forced ventilation after transport slowed down the postmortem glycolysis rate and inhibited the occurrence of PSE-like meat in broilers. Although rest after transport could also improve the meat quality, the effect was not as significant as water-misting sprays with forced ventilation after transport.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.51 no.2
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• pp.150-156
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• 2007

Some flavonoids have spasmolytic activities in various smooth muscles, but structure-activity relationships on their spasmolytic activity and its mechanism are unclear. In this study, effects of flavones (flavone and apigenin) and flavonols (quercetin and rutin) on the rat ileal smooth muscle contraction were studied in vitro and in vitro. In the electric stimulation-induced contraction, all of four flavonoids inhibited concentration-dependently the rat ileal smooth muscle contraction induced by electric stimulation (10 mV, 0.1 cps, 0.1 msec duration), IC$_{50}$ of quercetin, apigenin, flavone and rutin were 0.98${\times}$10$^{-5}$, 1.20${\times}$10$^{-5}$, 1.55${\times}$10$^{-5}$ and 1.85${\times}$10$^{-5}$ M, respectively. Flavonoids at a concentration of 2${\times}$10$^{-5}$ M also significantly inhibited the anaphylactic contraction and decreased concentration-dependently the mast cell degranulation by anaphylactic reaction, IC$_{50}$ of quercetin, apigenin, flavone and rutin were 4.0${\times}$10$^{-5}$, 7.5${\times}$10$^{-5}$, 8.0${\times}$10$^{-5}$ and 9.5${\times}$10$^{-5}$ M, respectively. These results indicated that flavones and flavonols inhibited the rat ileal smooth muscle contraction induced by electric stimulation because of their antagonism against acetylcholine and have spasmolytic activities on anaphylactic contraction which may be due to their mast cell-stabilizing activities. Furthermore, double bond of C$_{2,3}$ in benzene ring of flavonoids may be important in the their antispasmodic activities on the rat ileal smooth muscle contraction induced by electric stimulation and anaphylactic reaction.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.182-192
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• 2006

Background: Atherosclerosis has emerged as the leading cause of death in developed countries. At present, human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) are most commonly used for the investigation of Endothelial cells (EC). However, HUVEC are not found in arteries but only in veins. Currently there are many reports on methods used to isolate EC;, most of these methods require special equipment to remove contaminating smooth muscle cells (SMC). Materials and Methods: The method described here may be used to isolate not only ECs but also SMCs;,the approach presented here did not require special equipment. Rat aorta was treated with 2 mg/ml of type II collagenase solution for 45 minutes. The isolated cells from the aorta were incubated in medium G for a week;, only ECs could be separated. After the collagenase treatment, the rest of aorta was cut lengthwise, and left undisturbed to obtain SMCs in the culture dish for 10 days. To verify the purity of the isolated cells, we performed immunofluorescence and evaluated the results with transmission electron microscopy analysis. Results: The immunofluorescence study demonstrated specific expression of CD31 and ${\alpha}$-smooth muscle actin in the isolated ECs and SMCs, respectively. Cultured ECs and SMCs showed their own fine structure characteristics. Conclusion: These results suggest that this method for isolating ECs and SMCs may be especially useful for the study of atherosclerosis.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Applied Pharmacology
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• 1993.04a
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• pp.33-33
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• 1993

Among the Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), Heparin and its fractions or fragments, obtained by several different processes, are of considerable interest .In these last few years, the goal of the researchers in this field has been finding molecular species having selective action, like for instance species having only antithrombotic activity disjointed from any anticoagulant effect, and assessing the effects of these GAGs and of other GAGs, like dermatan sulphate, not only in the field of venous or arterial thrombosis but also on cell factors like smooth muscle cell proliferation and even on aspects of antiinflammatory activity.