• Journal of the Korean Institute of Educational Facilities
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.13-22
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• 2015

The purpose of this study is to analyze the 'Sant'Elia Nursery School' constructed in 1937 at Como, Italy. Giuseppe Terragni(1904-1943) is, as it well known, one of the representative architects in the period of Italian rationalism architecture. In particular, his 'Casa del Fascio(1928~1936)' is evaluated as a representative work of this period. The research is based on the original drawings and letters, mostly produced by G. Terragni himself. Through the analyze on the design process, the research tries to reveal Terragni's design method and strategy, especially in the educational facility project. There are at least four deferent phases in the Terragni's design process; in each phase, there are fundamental changes such as a structural grid system, relationships between skin and columns or spatial sequences. Establishment of a new guideline on the educational facility in 1925 is also an another important issue. There was a political need, during the period of Mussolini's regime, to find a model of educational facilities. So, this project reflects not only the Terragni's design process but also the good example of educational facility in the early Twenty Century in Europe.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Educational Facilities
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.11-16
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• 2019

The purpose of this study is to analyze the 'Brera Academy', worked between 1935-1940 at Milano in Italy. Giuseppe Terragni(1904-1943) is, as it is well known, one of the representative architects in the period of Italian rationalism architecture. In particular, his 'Casa del Fascio(1928~1936)' is evaluated as a representative work of this period. The research is based on original drawings and letters, mostly produced by G. Terragni or relative person and office of this work. Through analyze on the design process, the research tries to reveal Italian rationalist's design method and strategy, especially in the educational facility project. There are at least three deferent phases in the design process; in each phase, there are fundamental changes such as a structural system, relationships between the traditional garden and new building or spatial sequences. So, this study attempts to clarify the design methodology and strategy of the Italian rationalist in the design of educational facilities through analysis of the design process of Brera Academy.

• Journal of Urban Science
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.11-16
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• 2017

Giuseppe Terragni was one of the founding member and a leading Italian Rationalist pursued a new and more rational synthesis between the nationalistic values of Italian Classicism and structural logic of the machine age. Casa Giuliani Frigerio, a four-story apartment housing in Como, is one of his last major work and is worth to investigate the composition of facades in terms of ambiguity. Unlike the Casa del Fascio, it is never possible to read an priori whole and to allow static and unified readings in a traditional alignment. Due to its misalignments found within the facades of Casa Giuliani Frigerio, it is evident to present unstable and disjunctive readings. These distinctive facades are read as layers applied onto some equally unstable underlying layer and form an ensemble of unexpected unity.

• Architectural research
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.17-23
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• 2013

The purpose of this paper is to reconsider and revaluate Ste. Genevieve Library designed by Henri Labrouste as a criticism of Classicism. Considered as the epitome of the early structural Rationalism the modern historian tried to focus only on the iron structure of the library. Arguably, the structural concern was one of the ideas that the architect wanted to manifest in the library. As a rebel against a view of the Acad$\acute{e}$mie des Beaux-Art the notions of H. Labrouste were radical. He criticized an autistic Classicism with an echoing Claude Perrault's doubt about the myth of classical beauty. These radical ideas firstly showed in his report of the Grand Prix de Rome and must have been developed through several discussions for a novel: Notre-Dame de Paris by V. Hugo. 'Ceci tuera cela', one of the chapter of the novel, was generally known as the death of architecture due to the invention of the printing press around Renaissance period. We, however, consider that even though the historical background of the novel is the Gothic period the ideas, which was discussed with Labrouste, related to the death of architecture was not the architecture itself but classical architecture recomposed during Renaissance period. As the first design work the library must be reflected his ideas, which were developed, and manifested his criticism of the Classicism indirectly.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• v.15 no.3 s.56
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• pp.14-23
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• 2006

As a proto-modernist work the Amsterdam Exchange has been regarded as a specimen of Structural Rationalist's architecture. Because of its ma]or steel structure, use of geometry, and reminiscence of Gothic the designer of the building was labeled by Kenneth Frampton as one of the apostles of Viollet le Duc. The architect was Hendrick Petrus Berlage. Contrary to above Nicolaus Pevsner claimed that Berlage's architectural discourse was 'Anti-Rational' because of its anachronistic formal language, Expressionism. In terms of structure Berlage's idea is rational, whilst formally 'Anti-Rational'. These polarised view points were due to the legacies of Modern Architecture that was controled by hegemonic figures in terms not only of practical field but of historiography. The hegemonic figures wanted to see Berlage as what they wanted to see. With this idea, this paper is one of endeavours to collect fragmented history in the early modern architecture. The Amsterdam Exchange has a long term story until the opening. Without understanding the story we have to withhold an evaluation of Berlage's architecture.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.60 no.6
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• pp.1-10
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• 2010

The cultures and traditions of Asia has the roots so deep and it is the origin of inspiration. Therefore, it is easy to find a different inspiration when designing, expecially for Western designers who are seeking European tradition and its comparison. The most distinctive feature of the Asian look is non-structural and has no clear form close to the structure of the body or mathematical ratio, but is steric with 2-Dimensional planed textiles, and has a flexible, non-structural formative characteristic related to the movable body. This is base on the vision of the universe that regards the parts as the whole. From this research, generally studying about the Asian look and its non-structural formative characteristics. The study looked closely into the aesthetic value of non-structural formative characteristics formation, with basis on the large dress regulation system of the western reasoning and rationalism and mechanism. At first, my study pointed on the dressing functionalism or Neo-classism considering emotions, Anti-Western aspect observing surrealism dressing and expressionism dressing. Second, with men and women showing similar outer shape without the equivalent element such from wearing a corset, the sexism is abolished. Finally, the designers’ inner intention of art is being delivered, from the aspect that the expression of art, size and no waste of fabric shows effort of communicating with the world, giving value to the possibility of continuance.

• Journal of Christian Education in Korea
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• v.64
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• pp.145-171
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• 2020

Christian communities have long sought to find what type of moral judgment is appropriate and what the Christian behavior is, by taking the church's ethical norms and behavior patterns as objects of reflection. In the same context, Christian education also tried to base the psychological rationalism of J. Piaget and L. Kohlberg, but the reason-centered structural development theory was not the answer. In fact, the structural development theory, which emphasized autonomy while excluding emotions from the moral judgment process, over-emphasizing cognition or reason, eventually led to moral relativism, unlike what was intended. In addition, it was criticized for not being able to adequately elucidate the gap between human moral reasoning and behavior, and for attempting to interpret morality excessively within the context of social culture. Recently, these limitations of structural developmental theory have been reinterpreted by neuroethics, especially moral psychology theories, which claim that moral judgment ability is physically wired in the brain and relies heavily on networks between cortical and limbic system. The purpose of this paper is to review some of the newly emerged research themes of neuroethics, and then to discuss two main theories that explain morality in the perspective of neuroethics and the implications that Christian education should pay attention to.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.23-36
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• 2006

Since he was a leading figure in nineteenth century architecture, Viollet-le-Duc's architectural theory is crucial to the foundation of modern architecture. He has been called a Gothic Revivalist, a Structural Rationalist and a Positivist. The first title was perhaps due to his vigorous restoration of Gothic works such as $N\hat{o}tre$ Dame, but he did not adore the Gothic style just for itself. Rather, he hoped to deduce some principles from the style. So how did he manage this? In his book "Entretiens sur l'Architecture (Lectures on Architecture), published between 1864 and 1872, he mentions using Descartes' four rules for reaching architectural certainty in contrast with the chaotic situation during that modernising period. Furthermore Viollet-le-Duc's theory can be seen as a serious attempt to translates Descartes' philosophical rules into systems of architectural speculation. Descartes' four rules of doubt are anchored in mathematical propositions, and without mathematical distinctions, none of these rules are valid. In other word, mathematics for Viollet is the yardstick of judgement between distinctness and indistinctness. Many architectural problems arise from this view. In this paper, the validities of applying Descartes' method of doubt to architectural discourse will be discussed in order to address the question:-Did Viollet-le-Duc clearly grasp Cartesian method by which memory was erased from the world?

• Journal of Popular Narrative
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.9-40
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• 2019

This study presents an investigation into South Korean films in the 1990s in the aspects of genre change and emotional reorganization. The 1990s witnessed a change of genres and a paradigm shift in the history of Korean films according to the revolutionary changes of the film industry structure and media environment. Believing that these changes had something to do with emotional changes driven by global capitalization symbolized by democratization in 1987 and the foreign currency crisis in 1998, the investigator analyzed the phenomena in film texts and examined the opportunities and context behind them. Unlike previous researches, this study made an approach to the history of Korean films in the 1990s with three points: first, this study focused on why the romantic comedy genre emerged in the 1990s and what stages its formation underwent since there had been no profound discussions about them; secondly, this study analyzed the biggest hits during the transitional period from 1987~1999 to figure out the mainstream genres and emotions during that period since these hits would provide texts to show the genre domain and public taste in a symbolic way; and finally, this study grew out of the separate investigation approach between melodramas and romantic comedies and looked into an emotional structure to encompass both genres to make a more broad and dynamic approach to South Korean films in the 1990s. History flows continuously without severance from previous times. When there is attention paid to inflection points and opportunities in the continuum, it can show the dynamics and structures of changes. This research led to the following conclusions: the mainstream genre of South Korean films had been melodramas until the 1980s. The old convention had been kept to offset or suture contradictions and excessive elements deviant from the structural consistency. Here, the structural consistency refers to no compliance to rational regulations or trade. The process of genre reorganization in the 1990s happened while securing some distance from the convention of making the structural consistency a sacrifice. The direction was to reinforce control through reasonable rationalism and logic of capital. It developed into romance, which would start with comedy to keep distance from the objects through laughter, heighten the level of remarks, and expand criticality, symbolize emotions with taste items, and build through the logic of mutual consensus and practical trade. In the 1990s, the South Korean films thus developed in a direction of moving away from the narrative of urgent pathos based on unconditional familism. It was on the same track as the entry of the South Korean society into the upgraded orbits of democracy and capitalism as the twins of modern rationalism since the latter part of the 1980s.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.25-40
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• 2003

Since Korea open her ports to the West, she had undergone a great change under the alien influences both on the macro-social and micro-social aspects. This study aims to review the korean housing, corresponding with the everyday life, during the period of transition between the 1876 - 1910 and to interpret its process of modernization and the meaning of modernity. With regards to understand the holistic human relationship and place pf living through history, this study takes the Nobert Elias' Civilization Theory as a theoretical basis. References were therefore, made to various records of foreign missionary at the time, with respect not only to macro sociological changes but also to changes of everyday life. It is of course to take physical and structural aspects of housing architecture into consideration. These works, thus, led to presuming the housing culture of said period. In order to investigate modern character of korean housing, distinctively represented by spatial structure, considerations were made to various architectural examples according to the social and residential status both in urban and rural area. As a results, this paper came to the remarks as follows; 1. It is understood, that the process of modernization is a part of the process of civilization as synthetic process. It is integrated with the change of socio-cultural aspects and everyday life. 2. Korean housing in the said period shows various different residential status and grade of civilization according to the social status as well as economical status. Modern housing was not in general yet. 3. Housing for high classes and middle classes in Seoul shows a tendency of assimilation and imitation after western model. But some examples within the housing of high classes represent its own modernity, that is based on the rationalism and equalization 4. In the housing of lower classes, it was very far from the benefits of civilization. It could analogize from the immature control of disgrace, from undevelopment of individual territory and from uncultivation of rationality in the housing space.